ଲିଥିୟମ

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium

Lithium,  ₃Li

Spectral lines of lithium
ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	lithium, Li
Appearance	silvery-white (shown floating in oil)
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˈlɪθiəm/ LI-thee-əm
Lithium in the periodic table
H ↑ Li ↓ Na helium ← lithium → beryllium
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	3
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group 1 (alkali metals), s-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 2
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	alkali metal
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (±) (Ar)	6.94(1)
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[He] 2s1
per shell	2, 1
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	453.69 K ​(180.54 °C, ​356.97 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	1615 K ​(1342 °C, ​2448 °F)
Density near r.t.	0.534 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	0.512 g/cm3
Critical point	(extrapolated) 3223 K, 67 MPa
Heat of fusion	3.00 kJ/mol
Heat of	147.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.860 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 797 885 995 1144 1337 1610
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+1 ​strongly basic oxide
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 0.98
Atomic radius	empirical: 152 pm
Covalent radius	128±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	182 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​body-centered cubic (bcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	6000 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	46 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	84.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	92.8 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	4.9 GPa
Shear modulus	4.2 GPa
Bulk modulus	11 GPa
Mohs hardness	0.6
CAS Number	7439-93-2
ଇତିହାସ
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Johan August Arfwedson (1817)
First isolation	William Thomas Brande (1821)
Most stable isotopes of lithium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 6Li 7.5% 6Li is stable with 3 neutrons 7Li 92.5% 7Li is stable with 4 neutrons
6Li content may be as low as 3.75% in natural samples. 7Li would therefore have a content of up to 96.25%.

ଲିଥିୟମ (ଏହା ଗ୍ରୀକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଲିଥୋସ୍ / Lithosରୁ ଅସିଛିମାନେ 'ପଥର') ହେଉଛି ଏକ ନରମ, ରୂପା ଭଳି ଧଳା ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ଧାତୁ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Li ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୩ ଅଟେ । ଏହା ଏତେ ନରମ ଯେ ଏହାକୁ ଛୁରିଦ୍ୱାରା ମଧ୍ୟ କଟା ଯାଇପାରିବ । ଏହା ଅନ୍ୟ ଧାତୁ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ହାଲୁକା କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ସାନ୍ଧ୍ରତା (density) ଜଳର ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧେକ ଅଟେ । ( ବିଗ୍ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍ଗ୍‌ର ପ୍ରଥମ କ୍ଷଣରେ ତିଆରି ତିନୋଟି ଧାତୁ ଭିତରୁ ଲିଥିୟମ ଅନ୍ୟତମ । ଅନ୍ୟଦୁଇଟି ହେଲେ ଉଦଜାନ ଓ ହିଲିଅମ - ଜୋତିର୍ବିଦଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଦୁଇଟି ମୌଳିକର ପରିମାଣ ଲିଥିୟମ ଠାରୁ ଅନେକ ଗୁଣରେ ଅଧିକ । )

ଇତିହାସ

Johan August Arfwedson is credited with the discovery of lithium in 1817

ପେଟାଲାଇଟ (Petalite - LiAlSi4O10), ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଲିଥିୟମ ରହିଥାଏ, ବ୍ରାଜିଲୀୟ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ Jose Bonifacio de Andrade e Silva ୧୭୦୦ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଶେଷ ଆଡକୁ ତାଙ୍କର ସ୍ୱୀଡ଼େନ ଗସ୍ତ ବେଳେ ଆବିଷ୍କାର କରିଥିଲେ । ଜୋହାନ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ଆର୍ଫ୍ୱେଡ଼ସନ୍‌ ୧୮୧୭ରେ ଲିଥିୟମ ଆବିଷ୍କାର କରିଥିଲେ । Arfwedson found the new element within the minerals spodumene and lepidolite in a petalite ore (LiAl(Si2O5)2) that he was analyzing during a routine investigation of some minerals from a mine on the island Uto in Sweden. In 1818 Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red colour in flame. Both men tried and failed to isolate the element from its salts. The element was not isolated until William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphry Davy later used electrolysis on lithium oxide in 1818. Robert Bunsen and Matiessen isolated larger quantities of the metal by electrolysis of lithium chloride in 1855. Commercial production of lithium metal was achieved in 1923 by the German company Metallgesellschaft through using electrolysis of molten lithium chloride and potassium chloride. It was apparently given the name "lithium" because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals were first discovered from plant tissue.

ଉତ୍ପାଦନ

Satellite images of the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina

World production trend of Lithium

ଲିଥିୟମ ବହୁଳ ମାତ୍ରାରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହଉଥିଲେହେଁ ଏହା ପ୍ରକୃତିକ ଭାବେ ଏହାର ମୂଳ ରୂପରେ ମିଳିନଥାଏ । ଏହାର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ଗୁଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହା ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକ ଓ ଯୌଗିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସହ ବାନ୍ଧି ହୋଇ ରହିଥାଏ । ଖଣିଜ ପଦାର୍ଥରୁ ଏହା ଅତି ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣରେ ମିଳିଥାଏ; spodumene (LiAl(SiO3)2), amblygonite (Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH)), lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al,Si)3O10(F,OH)2). ବ୍ୟବସାୟିକ ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଲିଥିୟମ ବ୍ରିନ୍‌ସ୍ (brines)ରୁ ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଏହା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ତରଳ ଲିଥିୟମ କ୍ଳୋରାଇଡରେ ବୈଦୁତିକ ଚାର୍ଜ ପ୍ରବାହିତ କରାଇ ଲିଥିୟମ ବାହାର କରାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ପାଖାପାଖି ୩୯ ଟନ ଲିଥିୟମ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Abundance

• Universe: 0.006 ppm (by weight)
• Sun: 0.00006 ppm (by weight)
• Carbonaceous meteorite: 1.7 ppm
• Earth's Crust: 20 ppm
• Seawater: 0.18 ppm
• Human:

30 ppb by weight

27 ppb by atoms

ବ୍ୟବହାର

Estimates of global lithium uses in 2011

  Ceramics and glass (29%)

  Batteries (27%)

  Lubricating greases (12%)

  Continuous casting (5%)

  Air treatment (4%)

  Polymers (3%)

  Primary aluminum production (2%)

  Pharmaceuticals (2%)

  Other (16%)

Used in batteries, ceramics, glass, lubricants, alloy hardeners, pharmaceuticals, hydrogenating agents, heat transfer liquids, rocket propellants, vitamin A synthesis, nuclear reactor coolant, underwater buoyancy devices and the production of tritium. Deoxidizer in copper and copper alloys. Alloys of the metal with aluminium, cadmium, copper, and manganese are used to make high performance aircraft parts. Lithium salts such as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium citrate, and lithium orotate are mood stabilizers (the effect is due to the lithium ion, so the type of salt is unimportant). They are used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, since unlike most other mood altering drugs, they counteract both mania and depression. Lithium can also be used to augment other antidepressant drugs. Useful amounts of lithium for this use are only slightly lower than toxic amounts, so the blood levels of lithium must be carefully monitored during such treatment. Lithium metal is used as a catalyst in some types of methamphetamine production, particularly in illegal amateur "meth labs."

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

• Lithium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• International Lithium Alliance
• USGS: Lithium Statistics and Information
• Lithium Supply & Markets 2009 IM Conference 2009 Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth
• University of Southampton, Mountbatten Centre for International Studies, Nuclear History Working Paper No5.