ଜୀବସାର ଖ

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins

ଜୀବସାର ଖ ବା ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ Vitamin B) ଗୋଟିଏ ଭିଟାମିନ ଗୋଷ୍ଠିର ନାମ । ଏହି ଭିଟାମିନ ଦେହର ଜୀବକୋଷ ବିପାକରେ (metabolism) ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ । ଏହି ଭିଟାମିନମାନଙ୍କର ଏକା ଭଳି ନାମ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗବେଷଣାଦ୍ୱାରା ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି, ସେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କର ରାସାୟନିକ ଗଠନ ପରଷ୍ପରଠାରୁ ଅଲଗା କିନ୍ତୁ ସମସ୍ତେ ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ଏକାଠି ଥାଆନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଗୋଷ୍ଠିରେ ଆଠଟି ଭିଟାମିନ ଥାଏ । ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାର ଗୋଟିଏ ଅକ୍ଷର 'ଖ' ସାଥୀରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ, ଯେପରିକି ଖ୧, ଖ&nଖsp;୨ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

ଖ ଭିଟାମିନଙ୍କର ନାମ

ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୧ (ଥିଆମିନ/ thiamin)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୨ (ରାଇବୋଫ୍ଲାଭିନ/ riboflavin)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୩ (ନିଆସିନ ବା ନିଆସିନାମାଇଡ/ niacin or niacinamide)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୫ (ପାଣ୍ଟୋଥେନିକ ଏସିଡ/ pantothenic acid)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୬ (ପାଇରିଡକ୍ସିନ, ପାଇରିଡକ୍ସାଲ ବା ପାଇରିଡକ୍ସାମିନ/ pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୭ (ବାୟୋଟିନ/ Biotin)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୯ (ଫୋଲେଟ/ folate)
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ୧୨ (ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର କୋବାଲାମିନ, ସଧାରଣତଃ ସ୍ୟାନୋକୋବାଲାମିନ/ various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements)

ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ ଅଭାବ

କେତେକ ଖ ଭିଟାମିନ ଅଭାବ ଜନିତ ଲକ୍ଷଣ ସମୂହକୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ରୋଗ ନାମ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।

ଜୀବସାର	ନାମ	ଅଭାବର ପ୍ରଭାବ
ଜୀବସାର ଖ_୧	ଥିଆମିନ	ଅଭାବରେ ରୋଗ ବେରିବେରି.
ଜୀବସାର ଖ_୨	ରାଇବୋଫ୍ଲାଭିନ	ଅଭାବରେ ରୋଗ ଆରାଇବୋଫ୍ଲାଭିନୋସିସ୍. ପାଟି କୋଣ ଘାଆ, ଗ୍ଲୋସାଇଟିସ୍ (ଜିଭ ପ୍ରଦାହ) ।
ଜୀବସାର ଖ_୩	ନିଆସିନ	ଟ୍ରିପ୍ଟୋଫେନ୍ ଅଭାବ ସହ ପେଲାଗ୍ରା.
ଜୀବସାର ଖ_୫	ପାଣ୍ଟୋଥେନିକ ଏସିଡ	ବ୍ରଣ ଓ ପାରେସ୍‌ଥେସିଆ,
ଜୀବସାର ଖ_୬	ପାଇରିଡକ୍ସିନ	ମାଇକ୍ରୋସାଇଟିକ ଆନିମିଆ, ଡିପ୍ରେସନ, ଡର୍ମାଟାଇଟିସ, (ଉଚ୍ଚ ରକ୍ତଚାପ)
ଜୀବସାରB_୭	ବାୟୋଟିନ	ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ଅଭିବୃଦ୍ଧି ଓ ସ୍ନାୟବିକ ଦୁର୍ବଳତା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
ଜୀବସାରB_୯	ଫୋଲିକ ଏସିଡ	ମେଗାଲୋବ୍ଲାସ୍ଟିକ ମାକ୍ରୋସାଇଟିକ ଆନିମିଆ
ଜୀବସାରB_୧୨	କୋବାଲାମିନ	ମେଗାଲୋବ୍ଲାସ୍ଟିକ ମାକ୍ରୋସାଇଟିକ ଆନିମିଆ, ପେରିଫେରାଲ ନିଉରୋପାଥି, ସ୍ମରଣ ଶକ୍ତି ହ୍ରାସ, ପର୍ନିସିଅସ୍ ଆନିମିଆ, ମାନିଆ ଏବଂସାଇକୋସିସ୍. କ୍ୱଚିତ ପାରାଲିସିସ୍ ହୁଏ ।

ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ

ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ ହୋଇଥିବା ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ କମ ଥାଏ । ଏହି କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁ ଅଟାରେ ଭିଟାମିନ ମିଶେଇବା ନିୟମ ଆମେରିକା ସହ ଅନେକ ଦେଶରେ ଅଛି । ଏହି ଅଟାକୁ ଏନ୍‌ରିଚ୍‌ଡ୍ ଫ୍ଲୋର୍ ବା ଉନ୍ନତ ଅଟା କୁହାଯାଏ । କେତେକ ଜୀବ ଯଥା ଟୁର୍କି, ଟୁନା ମାଂସରେ ଓ କଲିଜାରେ ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ ବହୁତ ଥାଏ ^[୧]। ଅଣପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ ଶସ୍ୟ, ଆଳୁ, ପାଚିଲା କଦଳି, କାପ୍ସିକମ, ବିନ୍, ଲେଣ୍ଟିଲ, ମୋଲାସେସ୍, ମଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତକାରୀ ଇଷ୍ଟ(Yeast) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଖ ଭିଟାମିନର ଉତ୍ତମ ଉତ୍ସ ^[୨]। ବିଅର୍ ପାନ କଲେ ଭିଟାମିନ୍ ଖ_୧^[୩]^[୪], ଖ_୨^[୫], ଖ_୩^[୬], ଖ_୭^[୭] ଓ ଖ_୯ ^[୮]^[୯]ଦେହ ଭିତରକୁ ଅବଶୋଷିତ ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ତେଣୁ ଜୈବ ଉପଲବ୍ଧତା ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ଅଧିକ ଆଲ୍‌କୋହୋଲ୍ ପାନ କଲେ ଏହି ଭିଟାମିନ ଅଭାବ ଅଧିକ ହୁଏ ।
ଭିଟାମିନ୍ ଖ_୧୨ ଅଧିକ ଚିନ୍ତାର ଯୋଗ୍ୟ, କାରଣ ଏହା ବୃକ୍ଷରୁ ମିଳେ ନାହିଁ । ଅନେକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ନିର୍ମାତା ଖ_୧୨ ଥିବା ଦର୍ଶାନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ରିପୋର୍ଟ ଜଟିଳ ରାସାୟନିକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଯୋଗୁ ମିଳେ ଯାହା ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ । ଥିଆମିନ ପରିସ୍ରାରେ ଅଧିକ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ମଧୁମେହ ରୋଗରେ ଏହାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅଧିକ ଥାଏ ^[୧୦]। ଗର୍ଭାବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଧିକ ଫଲିକ ଏସିଡ ନ ଖାଇଲେ ବର୍ଦ୍ଧିଷ୍ଣୁ ଶିଶୁର ନିଉରାଲ୍ ଟ୍ୟୁବ ସଠିକ ଭାବେ ତିଆରି ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ^[୧୧]।

ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା

ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ ଜଳ-ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ହୋଇଥିବା ଯୋଗୁ ମୂତ୍ରରେ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଯାଏ ଓ ଦେହରେ ଅଭାବ ହୁଏ ।

ଭିଟାମିନ	ନାମ	ସର୍ବାଧିକ ଖାଇବା ପରିମାଣ	ବିପତ୍ତିକାରୀ ପ୍ରଭାବ
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ_୧	ଥିଆମିନ	ନାହିଁ^[୧୨]	ଖାଇବାଦ୍ୱାରା ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଇଞ୍ଜେକସନ ଅଧିକ ପରିମାଣର ନେଲେ ଆନାଫାଇଲାକ୍ସିସ୍ ହୁଏ । ^[୧୨]
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ_୨	ରାଇବୋଫ୍ଲାଭିନ	ନାହିଁ ^[୧୩]	ସାମାନ୍ୟ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଓ ପଶୁ ଉପରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଭାବ ନାହିଁ କିନ୍ତୁ ଇନ୍-ଭିଟ୍ରୋ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ମୁକ୍ତ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ରାଡିକ୍ଲ ବାହାରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।^[୧୩]
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ_୩	ନିଆସିନ	୩୫ ମି.ଗ୍ରା/ଦୈନିକ; ଔଷଧ, ଅଧିକ ଭିଟାମିନ ବା ଉନ୍ନତ ଖାଦ୍ୟ^[୧୪]	ଦୈନିକ ୩୦୦୦ମିଗ୍ରା ବା ଅଧିକ ଖାଇଲେ ଅଇ, ବାନ୍ତି, କଲିଜା ବିଷାକ୍ତ ଲକ୍ଷଣ, ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଚମ ଲାଲ ଦେଖାଯିବା, କୁଣ୍ଡେଇ ହେବା, ମୁଣ୍ଡ ବଥା ହେବା ଭଳି ଲକ୍ଷଣ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।^[୧୪] ଅଧିକ ଲିପିଡ ପ୍ରୋଫାଇଲ ଥିଲେ ଦୈକିକ ୨୦୦୦ ମି.ଗ୍ରା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରେସକ୍ରିପସନ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରେ।^[୧୫]
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ_୫	ପାଣ୍ଟୋଥେନିକ ଏସିଡ	ନାହିଁ	ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଜଣାନାହିଁ ।
ଭିଟାମିନ ଖ_୬	ପାଇରିଡକ୍ସିନ	ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ବା ଔଷଧରେ ଦୈନିକ ୧୦୦ମିଗ୍ରା ।^[୧୬]	ଦୈନିକ ୧୦୦୦ ମି.ଗ୍ରା.ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଖାଇଲେ ପେରିଫେରାଲ ନିଉରୋପାଥି ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଏହାଠାରୁ କମ ଖାଇଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଦୈନିକ ୨୦୦ ମି.ଗ୍ରା.ରୁ ୧୦୦୦ ମି.ଗ୍ରା. ମଧ୍ୟ ବିପଦମୁକ୍ତ ନୁହେଁ ।^[୧୬]
Vitamin ଖ_୭	ବାୟୋଟିନ	ନାହିଁ	ଜଣା ନାହିଁ ।
Vitamin ଖ_୯	ଫଲିକ ଏସିଡ	୧ ମି.ଗ୍ରା./ଦୈନିକ^[୧୭]	ଖ_୧୨ ଅଭାବ ଦବେଇ ଦିଏ, ତେଣୁ ଚିରସ୍ଥାୟୀ ସ୍ନାୟୁ ବିନଷ୍ଟ ହୁଏ । ^[୧୭]
Vitamin ଖ_୧୨	ସିଆନୋକୋବାଲାମିନ	ସ୍ଥିର କରାଯାଇନାହିଁ ।^[୧୮]	ବ୍ରଣ ଭଳି ରାସ [ବିପଦ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ ହୋଇନାହିଁ ].^[୧୮]^[୧୯]

ଆଧାର

↑ Stipanuk, M.H. (2006). Biochemical, physiological, molecular aspects of human nutrition (2nd ed.). St Louis: Saunders Elsevier p.667
↑ Winklera, C; B. Wirleitnera, K. Schroecksnadela, H. Schennachb and D. Fuchs (September 2005). "Beer down-regulates activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro". International Immunopharmacology. 6 (3): 390–395. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2005.09.002. PMID 16428074.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Hoyumpa Jr, AM (1980). "Mechanisms of thiamin deficiency in chronic alcoholism". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 33 (12): 2750–2761. PMID 6254354. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
↑ Leevy, Carroll M. (1982). "Thiamin deﬁciency and alcoholism". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 378 (Thiamin: Twenty Years of Progress): 316–326. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31206.x.
↑ Pinto, J; Y P Huang; R S Rivlin (May 1987). "Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 79 (5): 1343–1348. doi:10.1172/JCI112960. PMC 424383. PMID 3033022.
↑ Spivak, JL; DL Jackson (June 1977). "Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 140 (6): 295–309. PMID 864902.
↑ Said, HM; A Sharifian, A Bagherzadeh and D Mock (1990). "Chronic ethanol feeding and acute ethanol exposure in vitro: effect on intestinal transport of biotin". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 52 (6): 1083–1086. PMID 2239786. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
↑ Halsted, Charles; Picciano, M.F., Stokstad, E.L.R. and Gregory, J.F. (eds) (1990). Intestinal absorption of dietary folates (in Folic acid metabolism in health and disease). New York, New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. 23–45. ISBN 0-471-56744-2. Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2014-06-12. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Watson, Ronald; Watzl, Bernhard, eds. (September 1992). Nutrition and alcohol. CRC Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-8493-7933-8.
↑ Thornalley, P. J.; Babaei-Jadidi, R.; Al Ali, H.; Rabbani, N.; Antonysunil, A.; Larkin, J.; Ahmed, A.; Rayman, G.; Bodmer, C. W. (2007). "High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease". Diabetologia. 50 (10): 2164–70. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0771-4. PMC 1998885. PMID 17676306. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=9 (help)
↑ Shaw, Gary M.; Schaffer, Donna; Velie, Ellen M.; Morland, Kimberly; Harris, John A. (1995). "Periconceptional Vitamin Use, Dietary Folate, and the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects". Epidemiology. 6 (3): 219–26. doi:10.1097/00001648-199505000-00005. PMID 7619926.
↑ ^୧୨.୦ ^୧୨.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 4 - Thiamin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 58–86. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ ^୧୩.୦ ^୧୩.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 5 - Riboflavin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 150–195. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ ^୧୪.୦ ^୧୪.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 6 - Niacin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 123–149. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ "ଆର୍କାଇଭ୍ କପି" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2014-06-15. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
↑ ^୧୬.୦ ^୧୬.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 7 - Vitamin B6". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 150–195. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ ^୧୭.୦ ^୧୭.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 8 - Folate". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 196–305. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ ^୧୮.୦ ^୧୮.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 9 - Vitamin B₁₂". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. p. 346. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-23. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
↑ Dupré, A; Albarel, N; Bonafe, JL; Christol, B; Lassere, J (1979). "Vitamin B-12 induced acnes". Cutis; cutaneous medicine for the practitioner. 24 (2): 210–1. PMID 157854.

[1] Stipanuk, M.H. (2006). Biochemical, physiological, molecular aspects of human nutrition (2nd ed.). St Louis: Saunders Elsevier p.667

[2] Winklera, C; B. Wirleitnera, K. Schroecksnadela, H. Schennachb and D. Fuchs (September 2005). "Beer down-regulates activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro". International Immunopharmacology. 6 (3): 390–395. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2005.09.002. PMID 16428074.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Hoyumpa Jr, AM (1980). "Mechanisms of thiamin deficiency in chronic alcoholism". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 33 (12): 2750–2761. PMID 6254354. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

[4] Leevy, Carroll M. (1982). "Thiamin deﬁciency and alcoholism". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 378 (Thiamin: Twenty Years of Progress): 316–326. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31206.x.

[5] Pinto, J; Y P Huang; R S Rivlin (May 1987). "Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 79 (5): 1343–1348. doi:10.1172/JCI112960. PMC 424383. PMID 3033022.

[6] Spivak, JL; DL Jackson (June 1977). "Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 140 (6): 295–309. PMID 864902.

[7] Said, HM; A Sharifian, A Bagherzadeh and D Mock (1990). "Chronic ethanol feeding and acute ethanol exposure in vitro: effect on intestinal transport of biotin". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 52 (6): 1083–1086. PMID 2239786. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

[8] Halsted, Charles; Picciano, M.F., Stokstad, E.L.R. and Gregory, J.F. (eds) (1990). Intestinal absorption of dietary folates (in Folic acid metabolism in health and disease). New York, New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. 23–45. ISBN 0-471-56744-2. Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2014-06-12. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[9] Watson, Ronald; Watzl, Bernhard, eds. (September 1992). Nutrition and alcohol. CRC Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-8493-7933-8.

[10] Thornalley, P. J.; Babaei-Jadidi, R.; Al Ali, H.; Rabbani, N.; Antonysunil, A.; Larkin, J.; Ahmed, A.; Rayman, G.; Bodmer, C. W. (2007). "High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease". Diabetologia. 50 (10): 2164–70. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0771-4. PMC 1998885. PMID 17676306. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=9 (help)

[11] Shaw, Gary M.; Schaffer, Donna; Velie, Ellen M.; Morland, Kimberly; Harris, John A. (1995). "Periconceptional Vitamin Use, Dietary Folate, and the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects". Epidemiology. 6 (3): 219–26. doi:10.1097/00001648-199505000-00005. PMID 7619926.

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4-12] ୧୨.୦ ^୧୨.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 4 - Thiamin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 58–86. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5-13] ୧୩.୦ ^୧୩.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 5 - Riboflavin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 150–195. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh6-14] ୧୪.୦ ^୧୪.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 6 - Niacin". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 123–149. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[15] "ଆର୍କାଇଭ୍ କପି" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2014-06-15. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh7-16] ୧୬.୦ ^୧୬.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 7 - Vitamin B6". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 150–195. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh8-17] ୧୭.୦ ^୧୭.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 8 - Folate". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 196–305. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-17. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[DietaryReferenceIntakesCh9-18] ୧୮.୦ ^୧୮.୧ National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998). "Chapter 9 - Vitamin B₁₂". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. p. 346. ISBN 0-309-06411-2. Archived from the original on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-23. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[19] Dupré, A; Albarel, N; Bonafe, JL; Christol, B; Lassere, J (1979). "Vitamin B-12 induced acnes". Cutis; cutaneous medicine for the practitioner. 24 (2): 210–1. PMID 157854.

[୧]

[୨]

[୩]

[୪]

[୫]

[୬]

[୭]

[୮]

[୯]

[୧୦]

[୧୧]

[୧୨]

[୧୩]

[୧୪]

[୧୫]

[୧୬]

[୧୭]

[୧୮]

[୧୯]