ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography

"ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର" redirects here. For ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡ ଟାଇପରାଇଟର, see ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର (ଟାଇପରାଇଟର).

Not to be confused with ଟୋପୋଗ୍ରାଫି or ଟୋପୋଲୋଜି.

ଟ୍ରାଜାନ ଅକ୍ଷରସମୂହ, ଯାହା କାପିଟାଲିସ ମନୁମେଣ୍ଟାଲିସ ବା ରୋମାନ ସ୍କ୍ୱେଆର କାପିଟାଲସ, ଯାହା ଟ୍ରାଜାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭର ଅନୁଶାସନରେ ଲେଖାହୋଇଅଛି । ଏହି ଅକ୍ଷରସମୂହର ନାମ ସେହିଠାରୁ ନିଆଯାଇଅଛି ।

ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନସବୁ
ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ଆପୋଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋପ ( ’ ' ) ବନ୍ଧନୀସମୂହ ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) କଲୋନ ( : ) କମା ( , ) ଡ୍ୟାସ ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ଏଲିପସିସ ( …, ..., . . . ) ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟବାଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ! ) ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚ୍ଛେଦ ( । ) ଫୁଲଷ୍ଟପ/ପିରିଅଡ଼ ( . ) ଗିଲିମେଟ ( « » ) ହାଇଫେନ ( ‐ ) ହାଇଫେନ-ବିଯୁକ୍ତ ଚିହ୍ନ ( - ) ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ? ) ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ( ‘ ’, “ ” ) ଅଧା ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ( ; ) ସ୍ଲାସ/ଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋକ ( / ) ସଲିଡସ ( ⁄ ) ଶବ୍ଦ ଭାଜକ ଖାଲି‌‌ ଜାଗା ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣) ମଝି ବିରାମ ( · ) ସାଧାରଣ ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ଆମ୍ପରସାଣ୍ଡ ( & ) ଆଟ୍ ଚିହ୍ନ ( @ ) ଆଷ୍ଟରିସ୍କ ( * ) ପଛସ୍ଲାସ ( \ ) ବିନ୍ଦୁ ( • ) କ୍ୟାରେଟ ( ^ ) ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( © ) ଡାଗର ( †, ‡ ) ଡିଗ୍ରି ( ° ) ଡିଟୋ ଚିହ୍ନ ( 〃 ) ଓଲଟା ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ¡ ) ଓଲଟା ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ¿ ) ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଚିହ୍ନ/ପାଉଣ୍ଡ/ହାସ ( # ) ନ୍ୟୁମେରୋ ଚିହ୍ନ ( № ) ଅବେଲସ ( ÷ ) ପୂରଣବାଚକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ( º, ª ) ଶତକଡ଼ା ଚିହ୍ନ ( %, ‰, ‱ ) ପିଲକ୍ରୋ ( ¶ ) ମୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ( ′, ″, ‴ ) ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( ® ) ବିଭାଗ ଚିହ୍ନ ( § ) ସର୍ଭିସ ମାର୍କ ( ℠ ) ଧ୍ଵନି ରେକର୍ଡ଼ିଙ୍ଗ ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ( ℗ ) ଟିଲ୍ଡ ( ~ ) ଟ୍ରେଡ଼ମାର୍କ ( ™ ) ଅଣ୍ଡରସ୍କୋର/ଅଣ୍ଡରଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଇକ ( _ ) ଭୂଲମ୍ବ ରୁହ/ଭଙ୍ଗା ରୁହ, ପାଇପ ( ¦, | ) ମୁଦ୍ରା ମୁଦ୍ରା (ବର୍ଗୀୟ) ( ¤ ) ମୁଦ୍ରା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ( ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ ₠ $ ₫ ৳ ₯ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ ₹ ₨ ₪ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ ៛ ) ଅସାଧାରଣ ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ଆଷ୍ଟେରିଜମ ( ⁂ ) ଟି ( ⊤ ) ଅପ ଟ୍ରାକ ( ⊥ ) ସୂଚକ/ପ୍ରଥମା ( ☞ ) ଅତଏବ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ∵ ) ଇଣ୍ଟେରୋବାଙ୍ଗ ( ‽ ) ଥଟ୍ଟା ପରିହାସ ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ⸮ ) ଲୋଜିଙ୍ଗି ( ◊ ) ଆଧାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( ※ ) ଟାଇ ( ⁀ ) ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ବିଶେଷକ ଚିହ୍ନ ଖାଲିସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ଅକ୍ଷର ଅଣ-ଇଂରାଜୀ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଶୈଳି ( « », „ ” )

ଡାକଟିକେଟ ସଙ୍ଗ୍ରହରେ "ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫି, ବିଶେଷ କରି ୧୯ଶ ଶତକର ଡାକଟିକେଟରେ ଏହା ଛାପାଖାନା ଛପାକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ ।

ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ବା ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫି (ଗ୍ରୀକ ଶବ୍ଦ τύπος(ଟାଇପୋସ/typos) = ଆଧାର/ରୂପ ଓ γραφή(ଗ୍ରାଫି/graphy) = ଲେଖନ) ଟାଇପସଜାଣି ପ୍ରକାରର କଲା ଓ କାରିଗରିକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ସଜାଣି ଟାଇପଫେସ ବଛା, ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଆକାର, ଧାଡ଼ି ଲମ୍ଚ, ଲିଡ଼ିଙ୍ଗ (ଧାଡ଼ି ସ୍ପେସିଙ୍ଗ), ଅକ୍ଷର ଧାଡ଼ି ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଖାଲି ଜାଗା ସଜାଣି (ଟ୍ରାକିଙ୍ଗ) ଓ ଅକ୍ଷରଯୋଡ଼ା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଖାଲି ଜାଗା ସଜାଣି (କର୍ଣ୍ଣିଙ୍ଗ) ଆଦିକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ। ଟାଇପ ଡିଜାଇନ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାରର ହାତକାମ, ଯାହାକୁ କେହି କେହି ଅଲଗା ଓ କେହି କେହି ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ବା ତାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫିର ଏକ ଭାଗ ମନେକରିଥାନ୍ତି; ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଟାଇପକାର ଟାଇପଫେସ ତିଆରି କରିନଥାନ୍ତି ଓ କେତେକ ଟାଇପ ଡିଜାଇନର ନିଜକୁ ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର ମନେକରି ନଥାନ୍ତି ।

ଆଧାର

• ASTM International D7298 Standard Test Method of Comparative Legibility by Means of Polarizing Filter Instrumentation
• Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), "Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 72: 58–63
• Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary), Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, ISBN 3-937527-06-0
• Brekle, Herbert E. (2010), "Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei", in Hanneforth, Thomas; Fanselow, Gisbert (eds.), Language and Logos. Festschrift for Peter Staudacher on his 70th birthday, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 1–20
• Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", Koreana, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19
• Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5). Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4. Often referred to simply as "Bringhurst", Elements is widely respected as the current authority on typographic style for Latin typography. (excerpts). Well-paired with Tschichold's The Form of the Book, below, from the same publisher.
• Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29955-1
• Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
• Heller, Steven and Meggs, Philip B. Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography (c) 2001, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-082-2. A compilation of over fifty texts on the history, practice, and aesthetics of type design and typography.
• Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply, London: Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-2194-7
• Hupp, Otto (1906), "Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119", Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte, Festschrift für Friedrich Schneider, Freiburg i. Br.: Herder
• Koch, Walter (1994), Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991), Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hilfsmittel, vol. 14, München, p. 213, ISBN 978-3886121144{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Lanciani, R.: "Topografia di Roma antica. I commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti. Silloge epigrafica aquaria", in: Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Serie III, Volume IV, Classe di Scienze Morali, Rom 1881 (Reprint: Quasar publishing house, 1975), pp. 215–616
• Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 93–97
• Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", Ateneo Veneto, 24: 75–80
• Man, John (2002), The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, London: Headline Review, ISBN 978-0747245049
• McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802060419
• Pace, Pietrantonio (1986), Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino (2nd ed.), Rome: Art Studio S. Eligio
• Tracy, Walter Letters of Credit 1986 Gordon Fraser
• Tschichold, Jan (1991). The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 978-0-88179-034-4. A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art. A more classic companion to Bringhust, above.
• Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, French: Imprimerie nationale, 2002, ISBN 2-7433-0482-0 for French typography.
• Swanson, Gunnar Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship (c) 2000, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-063-6. The Crystal Goblet, or Printing Should Be Invisible Beatrice Warde; Improving the Tool Hrant H. Papazian.
• Alexander Lawson, Anatomy of a Typeface, first published in 1990, devotes entire chapters to the development and uses of individual or small groupings of typefaces. ISBN 978-0-87923-333-4
• White, Alex W. (1999). Type in Use – Effective typography for electronic publishing (version 2.0). W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York. ISBN 0-393-73034-4 (pbk).
• Martínez de Sousa, José, Manual de estilo de la lengua española, 3.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2007. For Spanish typography.
• —, Ortografía y ortotipografía del español actual, 2.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2008. For Spanish typography.
• Mestres, Josep M.; Costa, Joan; Oliva, Mireia; Fité, Ricard. Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textos. 4a ed., rev. i ampl. Vic / Barcelona: Eumo / UB / UPF / Rosa Sensat, 2009. For Catalan typography.
• Pujol, J. M., i Solà, Joan: Ortotipografia. Manual de l'author, l'autoeditor i el dissenyador gràfic, 2a ed., rev. Barcelona: Columna, 2000. For Catalan typography.
• Gill, Eric (2000) [1931]. An Essay on Typography. David R Godine. p. 188. ISBN 0879239506.

ଅଧିକ ତଥ୍ୟ

• AIGA typography articles Archived 2007-04-30 at Archive.is – Articles and interviews relating to typography from AIGA's Voice section.
• Decode Unicode – A wiki with all 98,884 Unicode characters, including full text search capability.
• Luc Devroye's typography pages Archived 2010-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. – Large list of typography and font resources
• Type-Culture Academic Resource Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine. – Educational resources, including documentary videos about typography.
• Typography and the Invisible Goblet in Graphic Design Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine. – Online essay.
• Typography from Vancouver film school – A short 2-minute infographic video explaining what Typography is.
• Examples of incunabula styles in McCune Collection
• Baseline magazine – A magazine for people interested in type, typography, graphic design and art related themes.
• I Love Typography.com – A typography- and font-centered blog.
• NYC Type – Daily photographs taken of interesting typography around NYC.
• Typedesk – An online journal of typography and graphic communication.