ହିରୋଇନ

ହିରୋଇନ
INN: ଡାୟାମର୍ଫିନ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Diamorphine)^[୧]
Clinical data
Pronunciation	Heroin: /ˈhɛroʊɪn/
Synonyms	Diamorphine, Diacetylmorphine, Acetomorphine, (Dual) Acetylated morphine, Morphine diacetate
AHFS/Drugs.com	entry
Dependence; liability	Physical: Very high; Psychological: Very high
Addiction; liability	Highly
Routes of; administration	Intravenous, inhalation, transmucosal, by mouth, intranasal, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal
ATC code	N07BC06 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S9 (Prohibited) ; CA: Schedule I ; DE: Anlage I (Controlled) ; NZ: Class A ; UK: Class A ; US: Schedule I ; UN: Narcotic Schedules I and IV ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	ଜୈବ ଉପଲବ୍ଧି: <୩୫% (ପାଟିରେ), ୪୪–୬୧% (ଆଘ୍ରାଣରେ)
Protein binding	0% (morphine metabolite 35%)
Metabolism	ଯକୃତ liver
Onset of action	Within minutes
Elimination half-life	2–3 minutes
Duration of action	୪ରୁ ୫ ଘଣ୍ଟା
Excretion	ନିଷ୍କାସନ ୯୦% ବୃକ୍‌କ (kidney) ଗ୍ଲୁକୁରୋନାଇଡ glucuronide ଆକାରରେ, ବାକିତକ ପିତ୍ତ biliary ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ।
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate;
CAS Number	561-27-3 ;
PubChem CID	5462328;
DrugBank	DB01452 ;
ChemSpider	4575379 ;
UNII	8H672SHT8E;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27808 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL459324 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.380
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H23NO5
Molar mass	369.41 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC(OC1=C(O[C@@H]2[C@]34CCN(C)[C@@H]([C@@H]4C=C[C@@H]2OC(C)=O)C5)C3=C5C=C1)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H23NO5/c1-11(23)25-16-6-4-13-10-15-14-5-7-17(26-12(2)24)20-21(14,8-9-22(15)3)18(13)19(16)27-20/h4-7,14-15,17,20H,8-10H2,1-3H3/t14-,15+,17-,20-,21-/m0/s1 ; Key:GVGLGOZIDCSQPN-PVHGPHFFSA-N ;
(verify)

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin

ହିରୋଇନ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Heroin ଅନ୍ୟ ନାମ diamorphine,^[୧] ଏକ ଓପିଅଏଡ (opioid) ଯାହା ଏକ ଆନନ୍ଦ‌ବର୍ଦ୍ଧକ ଗୁଣ ଯୋଗୁ ଏକ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ‌କାରୀ ଔଷଧ (recreational drug) ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ ।^[୨] ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ଚିକିତ୍ସାରେ ଏହା ଏକ କଷ୍ଟ ନିବାରକ ଔଷଧ ଓ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳୀନ ଓପିଅଏଡ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପନ ଥେରାପିରେ କାଉନସେଲିଙ୍ଗ ସ‌ହିତ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରକାରୀଙ୍କୁ ରକ୍ଷଣାବେକ୍ଷଣ ବା ମେଣ୍ଟେନାନ୍ସ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ^[୭]^[୮]^[୯] ହିରୋଇନ ଶିରାଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରରେ (injection into a vein) ଦିଆଯାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହାର ଧୂମ୍ର ପାନ କରିହୁଏ ବା ଏହାକୁ ଆଘ୍ରାଣ କରିହୁଏ ।^[୧୦]^[୨] ଏହା ପ୍ରଭାବ ତୁରନ୍ତ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୁଏ ଓ କିଛି ଘଣ୍ଟା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହେ ।^[୨]

ସାଧାରଣ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଶ୍ୱାସକ୍ରିୟା କମିଯାଏ ଓ ହିରୋଇନ ନେଉଥିବା ଲୋକଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଥାଂଶ ଲୋକ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ (physically dependent) ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପୂଜ ଜମିବା, ଏଣ୍ଡୋକାର୍ଡ଼ାଇଟିସ (infected heart valves), ରକ୍ତବାହୀ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ, କୋଷ୍ଠକାଠିନ୍ୟ ଓ ନିମୋନିଆ ମୂଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳୀନ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରର ଇତିହାସ ଥିଲେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ବନ୍ଦ କରିବାର କିଛି ଘଣ୍ଟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାହାର ଲକ୍ଷଣ ବାହାରିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଯାଏ ।^[୧୦] ଶିରାଭ୍ୟନ୍ତର ସଂଚାଳନ ପରେ ସମତୁଲ ମାତ୍ରାର ମର୍ଫିନ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ହିରୋଇନର ପ୍ରଭାବ ୨ରୁ ୩ଗୁଣ ଅଧିକ ହୁଏ ।^[୨] ଧଳା ବା ମାଟିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର ପାଉଡର ଆକାରରେ ହିରୋଇନ ମିଳେ । ^[୧୦]

ହିରୋଇନ ଚିକିତ୍ସାରେ ନିଶା ଚିକିତ୍ସା (heroin addiction) ସ‌ହିତ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରିକ ଥେରାପି (behavioral therapy) ଓ ଔଷଧ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଏଥିରେ ମେଥାଡନ ବା ନାଲଟ୍ରେକ୍ସନ (naltrexone) ଔଷଧ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ । ହିରୋଇନ ଅଧିକ ମାତ୍ରା ହୋଇଥିଲେ ନାଲୋକ୍ସୋନ (naloxone) ଦେଇ ଚିକିତ୍ସା କରାଯାଏ ।^[୧୦] ହିସାବ ଅନୁସାରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୭ ନିୟୁତ ଲୋକ ଅଧୁନା ହିରୋଇନ ସେବନ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ଓ ଏତଦ୍ୱାରା ସନ ୨୦୧୫ରେ ୧୨୨,୦୦୦ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ହୋଇଛି ।^[୧୧]^[୧୨] ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ୧.୬% ଲୋକ କୌଣସି ସମୟରେ ହିରୋଇନ ସେବନ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।^[୧୦] ଔଷଧ ସମ୍ପର୍କୀୟ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଓପିଅଏଡ ସର୍ବାଧିକ ସାଧାରଣ କାରଣ ହୋଇଛି ।^[୧୧]

ସନ ୧୮୭୪ରେ ଚାର୍ଲସ ରୋମଲେ ଆଲଡର ରାଇଟ ପ୍ରଥମେ ପାପାଭର ସୋମ୍ନିଫେରମର (opium poppy) ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉପାଦାନ ମର୍ଫିନରୁ ହିରୋଇନ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିଥିଲେ ।^[୧୩] ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ହିରୋଇନ ଏକ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ଔଷଧ ।^[୧୪] ଏହାର ତିଆରି, ବିନା ଲାଇସେନ୍ସରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ ବେଆଇନ (illegal) । ^[୧୫] ସନ ୨୦୧୫ରେ ପୃଥିବୀରେ ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ସମୁଦାୟ ଅଫିମର ୬୬% କେବଳ ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ଥାନ ଦେଶରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ^[୧୧] ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ବେଆଇନ ଭାବରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ କରାଯାଉଥିବା ହିରୋଇନ ସ‌ହିତ ଚିନି ବା ସ୍ଟ୍ରିକନିନ (strychnine) ମଶ୍ରିତ କରାଯାଏ । ^[୨]

ଆଧାର[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]

↑ ^୧.୦ ^୧.୧ Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2014). Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 515. ISBN 9780702054976. Retrieved 12 ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2016. While 'diamorphine' is the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (rINN), this drug is widely known as heroin.
↑ ^୨.୦ ^୨.୧ ^୨.୨ ^୨.୩ ^୨.୪ ^୨.୫ "Heroin". Drugs.com. 18 ମଇ 2014. Retrieved 19 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016.
↑ Rook EJ, van Ree JM, van den Brink W, Hillebrand MJ, Huitema AD, Hendriks VM, Beijnen JH (2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients". Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. PMID 16433897.
↑ Riviello, Ralph J. (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5.
↑ "Diamorphine Hydrochloride Injection 30 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. ViroPharma Limited. 24 ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର 2013. Retrieved 30 ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ 2014.
↑ Field, John (2012). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-4698-0162-9.
↑ Friedrichsdorf, SJ; Postier, A (2014). "Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer". Journal of pain research. 7: 117–23. PMID 24639603.
↑ National Collaborating Centre for Cancer, (UK) (ମଇ 2012). "Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults". PMID 23285502. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Uchtenhagen AA (ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ 2011). "Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice". Drug and Alcohol Review. 30 (2): 130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x. PMID 21375613.
↑ ^୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ ^୧୦.୩ ^୧୦.୪ "DrugFacts—Heroin". National Institute on Drug Abuse. ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2014. Retrieved 19 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016.
↑ ^୧୧.୦ ^୧୧.୧ ^୧୧.୨ "Statistical tables". World Drug Report 2016 (pdf). Vienna, Austria. ମଇ 2016. p. xii,. ISBN 978-92-1-057862-2. Retrieved 1 ଅଗଷ୍ଟ 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet (London, England). 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
↑ A Century of International Drug Control (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). United Nations Publications. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 9789211482454.
↑ "Yellow List: List of Narcotic Drugs Under International Control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. ଡିସେମ୍ବର 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 ମଇ 2012. Retrieved 5 ମଇ 2006. Referring URL = http://www.incb.org/incb/yellow_list.html
↑ Lyman, Michael D. (2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 9780124071674.

[Heroin's_rINN-1] ୧.୦ ^୧.୧ Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2014). Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 515. ISBN 9780702054976. Retrieved 12 ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2016. While 'diamorphine' is the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (rINN), this drug is widely known as heroin.

[Drugs2014-2] ୨.୦ ^୨.୧ ^୨.୨ ^୨.୩ ^୨.୪ ^୨.୫ "Heroin". Drugs.com. 18 ମଇ 2014. Retrieved 19 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016.

[pmid16433897-3] Rook EJ, van Ree JM, van den Brink W, Hillebrand MJ, Huitema AD, Hendriks VM, Beijnen JH (2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients". Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. PMID 16433897.

[4] Riviello, Ralph J. (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5.

[EMC-5] "Diamorphine Hydrochloride Injection 30 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. ViroPharma Limited. 24 ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର 2013. Retrieved 30 ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ 2014.

[6] Field, John (2012). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-4698-0162-9.

[7] Friedrichsdorf, SJ; Postier, A (2014). "Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer". Journal of pain research. 7: 117–23. PMID 24639603.

[8] National Collaborating Centre for Cancer, (UK) (ମଇ 2012). "Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults". PMID 23285502. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[9] Uchtenhagen AA (ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ 2011). "Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice". Drug and Alcohol Review. 30 (2): 130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x. PMID 21375613.

[NIH2014-10] ୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ ^୧୦.୩ ^୧୦.୪ "DrugFacts—Heroin". National Institute on Drug Abuse. ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2014. Retrieved 19 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016.

[WDR2016-11] ୧୧.୦ ^୧୧.୧ ^୧୧.୨ "Statistical tables". World Drug Report 2016 (pdf). Vienna, Austria. ମଇ 2016. p. xii,. ISBN 978-92-1-057862-2. Retrieved 1 ଅଗଷ୍ଟ 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[12] GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 ଅକ୍ଟୋବର 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet (London, England). 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)

[13] A Century of International Drug Control (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). United Nations Publications. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 9789211482454.

[14] "Yellow List: List of Narcotic Drugs Under International Control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. ଡିସେମ୍ବର 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 ମଇ 2012. Retrieved 5 ମଇ 2006. Referring URL = http://www.incb.org/incb/yellow_list.html

[15] Lyman, Michael D. (2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 9780124071674.

[୧]

[୨]

[୩]

[୪]

[୫]

[୬]

[୭]

[୮]

[୯]

[୧୦]

[୧୧]

[୧୨]

[୧୩]

[୧୪]

[୧୫]

ହିରୋଇନ

ଆଧାର[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]

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