ବ୍ୟବହାରକାରୀ:Snip1/Outline of artificial intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) – branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.

Branches of artificial intelligence

Symbolic
- Good Old Fashioned AI –
Sub-symbolic
- Early cybernetics and brain simulation
- Behavior based AI
  - Subsumption architecture
- Nouvelle AI
- Computational intelligence (CI)
  - Computational creativity –
  - Neural networks –
    - Hybrid neural network –
    - Recurrent neural network –
  - Fuzzy systems –
  - Evolutionary computation, including:
Statistical AI

Some applications of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Artificial brain –
Philosophical views of artificial consciousness –
- User illusion –
Artificial intelligence and law –
Chinese room –
Cognitive science
- Artificial consciousness
- Embodied cognitive science
  - Embodied cognition –
Ethics of artificial intelligence –
Philosophy of the Mind –
- Computational theory of mind –
- Functionalism –
Physical symbol system –
Synthetic intelligence –
Turing Test –

Artificial intelligence and the future

Strong AI – hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can.
- Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent.
- Technological singularity – theoretical intelligence explosion predicted to occur in the future, at the point in time when artificial intelligence will have progressed to greater-than-human intelligence, radically changing civilization, and perhaps even human nature. The TS (or the advent of strong AI) has been identified by Berglas (2008) and others to be an existential risk.
  - Existential risk –
  - Singularitarianism –

History of artificial intelligence

Main article: History of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence in fiction

Main article: Artificial intelligence in fiction

Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in fiction include:

HAL 9000 (1968) – the paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it.
Angel F (2007) –
Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network which features centrally in the Terminator franchise and serves as the franchise's main antagonist.
Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional characters portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Cyborgs, initially portrayed as programmable assassin and military infiltration units. "The Terminator" character first appeared as the titular antagonist in The Terminator, a 1984 film directed and co-written by James Cameron, and its sequels.
V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

Psychology and AI

Concepts in artificial intelligence

Action selection –
Affective computing –
AI box –
AI-complete –
Algorithmic probability –
Automated reasoning –
Autonomic Computing –
Autonomic Networking –
Backward chaining –
Bayesian network –
Bio-inspired computing –
- Artificial immune systems –
Blackboard system –
Chatterbot –
Combs method –
Commonsense reasoning –
Computational humor –
Computer-assisted proof –
Conceptual dependency theory –
Darwin machine –
Description logic –
Frame problem –
Game theory –
Grammar systems theory –
Informatics (academic field) –
Intelligent control –
Kinect –
LIDA (cognitive architecture) –
Means-ends analysis –
Moravec's paradox –
Music and artificial intelligence –
Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator –
PEAS – Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
Percept (artificial intelligence) –
Perceptual Computing –
Rule-based system –
Self-management (computer science) –
Soft computing –
Software agent –
- Intelligent agent / Rational agent –
- Embodied agent –
- Situated AI
Sussman Anomaly –
Wetware (brain) –

AI projects

Automated Mathematician (1977) –
Allen (robot) (late 1980s) –
Open Mind Common Sense (1999 - ) –
Mindpixel (2000–2005) –
Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (2003–2008) –
Google Mind (2011) –

AI systems

Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.
Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.
- Purpose: Open domain question answering
- Technologies employed:

Notable AI software

OpenAIR –
OpenCog –
OpenIRIS –
RapidMiner –

AI community

Competitions and awards

Loebner Prize –

Publications

Adaptive Behavior (journal) –
AI Memo –
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach –
Artificial Minds –
Computational Intelligence –
Computing Machinery and Intelligence –
Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence –
IEEE Intelligent Systems –
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence –
Neural Networks (journal) –
On Intelligence –
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp –
What Computers Can't Do

Organizations

Companies

Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars

1930s and 40s (generation 0)

1950s (the founders)

1960s (their students)

1970s

Douglas Hofstadter –

1980s

Judea Pearl –
Rodney Brooks –

1990s

Hugo de Garis – known for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays.
Ray Kurzweil – developed optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time director of engineering position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing".^[୧] Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".

2000s on

Andrew Ng – Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure.^[୨] He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller.
David Ferrucci – principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM.
Peter Norvig – co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc.
Stuart J. Russell – co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field.

References

↑ Letzing, John (2012-12-14). "Google Hires Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
↑ Claire Miller and Nick Bilton (3 November 2011). "Google's Lab of Wildest Dreams". New York Times.

External links

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