ଲାଇସର୍ଜିକ ଏସିଡ ଡାଇଏଥିଲାମାଇଡ

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
INN: Lysergide
	2D structural formula and 3D models of LSD
Clinical data
Pronunciation	/daɪ eθəl ˈæmaɪd/, /æmɪd/, or /eɪmaɪd/
Synonyms	LSD, LSD-25, Acid, Delysid, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Reference
Pregnancy; category	US: C (Risk not ruled out) ; ;
Dependence; liability	Low
Addiction; liability	Low-rare
Routes of; administration	By mouth, under the tongue, intravenous
Drug class	Hallucinogen (serotonergic psychedelic)
ATC code	None;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S9 (Prohibited) ; CA: Schedule III ; DE: Anlage I (Controlled) ; NZ: Class A ; UK: Class A ; US: Schedule I ; UN: Psychotropic Schedule I ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	71%
Protein binding	Unknown
Metabolism	Liver (CYP450)
Metabolites	2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD
Onset of action	30–40 minutes
Elimination half-life	3.6 hours
Duration of action	8–12 hours
Excretion	Kidneys
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide;
CAS Number	50-37-3 ;
PubChem CID	5761;
IUPHAR/BPS	17;
DrugBank	DB04829 ;
ChemSpider	5558 ;
UNII	8NA5SWF92O;
ChEBI	CHEBI:6605 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL263881 ;
PDB ligand	7LD (PDBe, RCSB PDB);
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.031
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C20H25N3O
Molar mass	୩୨୩.୪୪ g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	80 to 85 °C (176 to 185 °F)
	SMILES CCN(CC)C(=O)[C@H]1CN([C@@H]2Cc3c[nH]c4c3c(ccc4)C2=C1)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H25N3O/c1-4-23(5-2)20(24)14-9-16-15-7-6-8-17-19(15)13(11-21-17)10-18(16)22(3)12-14/h6-9,11,14,18,21H,4-5,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,18-/m1/s1 ; Key:VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N ;
(verify)

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide

ଲାଇସର୍ଜିକ ଏସିଡ ଡାଇଏଥିଲାମାଇଡ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Lysergic acid diethylamide/ LSD, ଅନ୍ୟ ଡାକ ନାମ ଏସିଡ/ acid) ଏକ ହାଲୁସିନୋଜେନ‌ (hallucinogen) ସୃଷ୍ଟିକାରୀ ଔଷଧ ।^[୧୧] ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ଭାବନା, ଅନୁଭବ ଓ ପରିବେଶ ବିଷୟରେ ମନରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।^[୧୧] ଏହାର ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରକାରୀମାନେ ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ନଥିବା ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ଦେଖନ୍ତି ଓ ନଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ଶୁଣନ୍ତି ଯାହାକୁ ହାଲୁସିନେସନ (see or hear things that do not exist|) କୁହାଯାଏ ।^[୧୨] ଏହି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଆଖି ପିତୁଳା ବଡ଼ ହୋଇଯାଏ (Dilated pupils), ରକ୍ତଚାପ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହୁଏ ଓ ଶରୀର ଉତ୍ତାପ ବଢ଼ିଯାଏ ।^[୧୩] ଏହି ପ୍ରଭାବ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧/୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିପାରେ ।^[୧୩] ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଏହା ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ (recreational drug) ଓ ଆଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମିକ (spiritual reasons) କାରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ ।^[୧୩]^[୧୪]

ଏଲଏସଡି ନିଶାଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ (adictive) ଭଳି ଜଣାଯାଏନାହିଁ କିନ୍ତୁ ଅଧିକ ସେବନ କଲେ ସ‌ହ୍ୟ ଶକ୍ତି (tolerance) ବଢ଼ିଯାଏ । ^[୧୧]^[୧୫] ବିପରୀତ ମାନସିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଯେପରିକି ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ, ପାରାନୋଇଆ (paranoia) ଓ ଡିଲ୍ୟୁଜନ (delusion) ହେବା ସମ୍ଭାବନା ରହିପାରେ । ^[୭] ଏହି ଔଷଧ ସେବନ ବନ୍ଦ କଲାପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିକ୍ଷୁବ୍ଧ ପୂର୍ବଘଟଣାମାନ (flashbacks) ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇପାରେ ଯାହାକୁ ହାଲୁସିନୋଜେନ ପର୍ସିସ୍ଟିଙ୍ଗ ପର୍ସେପସନ ଡିଜଅର୍ଡ଼ର (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder) କୁହାଯାଏ । ^[୧୬]^[୧୭] ଏହା ଯୋଗୁ କ୍ୱଚିତ୍ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ହୁଏ ଓ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଯୋଗୁ ବେଳେବେଳ ହୁଏ । ^[୧୩] ସେରୋଟିନି ସିସ୍ଟମ serotonin system ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଯୋଗୁ ଏହି କ୍ରିୟା ହେଉଥିବା ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରାଯାଏ ।^[୧୩] କୋଡ଼ିଏ ମାଇକ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମ ଏହି ପ୍ରଭାବ ଆଣିପାରେ ।^[୧୩] ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ ଏଲଏସଡିର ରଙ୍ଗ ଧଳା, ଗନ୍ଧହୀନ ଓ କ୍ରିସ୍ଟାଲାଇନ (crystalline) ଥାଏ । ^[୧୧] ଅଲଟ୍ରାଭାୟୋଲେଟ ରଶ୍ମୀ (ultraviolet light) ପଡ଼ିଲେ ଏହା ଭାଙ୍ଗିଯାଏ ।^[୧୩]

ସନ ୨୦୧୭ରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦% ଲୋକ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରେ ଏଲଏସଡି ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରିଥଲେ ଓ ବିଗତ ବର୍ଷ ପ୍ରାୟ ୦.୭% ଲୋକ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରିଥିଲେ ।^[୧୨] ୧୯୬୦ରୁ ୧୯୮୦ ଦଶକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଅତି ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲା ।^[୧୩] ଏଲଏସଡି ଗିଳିଦିଆଯାଉଥିଲା ବା ଜିଭ ତଳେ ରଖାଯାଉଥିଲା ।^[୧୧] ଏହା ବ୍ଲଟିଙ୍ଗ ପେପରରେ (blotter paper) ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ ହେଉଥିଲା ଓ କଦାଚିତ ବଟିକା ବା ଜେଲାଟିନ (gelatin) ଆକାରରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ ହେଉଥିଲା ।^[୧୩] ନିଶାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ନିମନ୍ତେ କୌଣସି ଜଣାଶୁଣା ଚିକିତ୍ସା ନାହିଁ । ^[୧୬]

ଏରଗଟ (ergot) ନାମକ ଏକ କବକରୁ ମିଳୁଥିବା ଲାଇସର୍ଜିକ ଏସିଡ (lysergic acid) ସ‌ହିତ ରାସାୟନିକ ସିନଥେସିସ କରି (made) ଆଲବର୍ଟ ହଫମ୍ୟାନ (Albert Hofmann) ପ୍ରଥମେ ସନ ୧୯୩୮ରେ ଏଲଏସଡି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିଥିଲେ ।^[୧୩]^[୧୬] ଏହାର ହାଲୁସିନୋଜେନିକ ଗୁଣ ସନ ୧୯୪୩ରେ ହଫମ୍ୟାନ ଆବିଷ୍କାର କରିଥିଲେ ।^[୧୮] ୧୯୫୦ ଦଶକରେ ସିଆଇଏ (Central Intelligence Agency/ CIA) ସଂସ୍ଥା କେତେକ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଅଗୋଚରରେ ମାନସିକ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ସମ୍ଭାବନା ନିମନ୍ତେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନିରୀକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲେ ଯାହାର ନାମ ଏମକେଅଲ୍ଟ୍ର ଥିଲା ।^[୧୯] ୧୯୫୦ ଓ ୧୮୬୯ ଦଶକମାନଙ୍କରେ ଏଲଏସଡି ଗବେଷଣା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଡେଲିସିଡ ନାମରେ ଏକ ଔଷଧ ଭାବରେ ବିକ୍ରୟ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ^[୧୩]^[୨୦] ସନ ୧୯୭୧ରେ ଏହା ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ପଦାର୍ଥ (schedule 1 controlled substance) ଭାବରେ ଚିଠା କରାଗଲା ।^[୧୩] ଅଧୁନା ଏହାର କୌଣସି ଚିକିତ୍ସାରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ସମ୍ମତି ନାହିଁ ।^[୧୩] ୟୁରୋପରେ ସନ ୨୦୧୧ରେ ଏହା ଏକ ମାତ୍ରାର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାୟ ୪.୫୦ରୁ ୨୫ ଯୁରୋ ଥିଲା ।^[୧୩]

ଆଧାର

↑ Halpern, John H.; Suzuki, Joji; Huertas, Pedro E.; Passie, Torsten (June 7, 2014). "Hallucinogen Abuse and Dependence". In Price, Lawrence H.; Stolerman, Ian P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology A Springer Live Reference. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_43-2. ISBN 978-3-642-27772-6. Hallucinogen abuse and dependence are known complications resulting from ... LSD and psilocybin. Users do not experience withdrawal symptoms, but the general criteria for substance abuse and dependence otherwise apply. Dependence is estimated in approximately 2 % of recent-onset users
↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 375. ISBN 9780071481274. Several other classes of drugs are categorized as drugs of abuse but rarely produce compulsive use. These include psychedelic agents, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
↑ "Definition of "amide"". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.
↑ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: amide". Ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.
↑ "amide – definition of amide in English from the Oxford Dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.
↑ ^୬.୦ ^୬.୧ ^୬.୨ ^୬.୩ ^୬.୪ Dolder PC, Schmid Y, Haschke M, Rentsch KM, Liechti ME (2015). "Pharmacokinetics and Concentration-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans". Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 19 (1): pyv072. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv072. PMC 4772267. PMID 26108222.
↑ ^୭.୦ ^୭.୧ Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A (2008). "The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMID 19040555.
↑ Neinstein, Lawrence S. (2008). Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 931. ISBN 9780781792561.
↑ ^୯.୦ ^୯.୧ Mucke HA (2016). "From Psychiatry to Flower Power and Back Again: The Amazing Story of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide". Assay Drug Dev Technol. 14 (5): 276–281. doi:10.1089/adt.2016.747. PMID 27392130.
↑ Kranzler, Henry R.; Ciraulo, Domenic A. (2 April 2007). Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). American Psychiatric Pub. p. 216. ISBN 9781585626632.
↑ ^୧୧.୦ ^୧୧.୧ ^୧୧.୨ ^୧୧.୩ ^୧୧.୪ "What are hallucinogens?". National Institute of Drug Abuse. ଜାନୁଆରୀ 2016. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 17, 2016. Retrieved ଅପ୍ରେଲ 24, 2016.
↑ ^୧୨.୦ ^୧୨.୧ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Hallucinogens". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
↑ ^{୧୩.୦୦} ^{୧୩.୦୧} ^{୧୩.୦୨} ^{୧୩.୦୩} ^{୧୩.୦୪} ^{୧୩.୦୫} ^{୧୩.୦୬} ^{୧୩.୦୭} ^{୧୩.୦୮} ^{୧୩.୦୯} ^{୧୩.୧୦} ^{୧୩.୧୧} ^{୧୩.୧୨} ^{୧୩.୧୩} "LSD profile (chemistry, effects, other names, synthesis, mode of use, pharmacology, medical use, control status)". EMCDDA (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Retrieved 14 July 2018.
↑ "How LSD Went From Research to Religion | JSTOR Daily". JSTOR Daily. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
↑ Lüscher C, Ungless MA (November 2006). "The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs". PLoS Med. 3 (11): e437. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437. PMC 1635740. PMID 17105338.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
↑ ^୧୬.୦ ^୧୬.୧ ^୧୬.୨ "Commonly Abused Drugs Charts". National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
↑ Halpern, JH; Lerner, AG; Passie, T (2018). "A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD". Current topics in behavioral neurosciences. 36: 333–360. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457. PMID 27822679.
↑ "Hallucinogenic effects of LSD discovered". The History Channel. Archived from the original on ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ 11, 2014.
↑ Nofil, Brianna. "The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control". History Channel (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Retrieved 14 July 2018.
↑ "LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର 30, 2007. Retrieved ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର 27, 2007.

ଅଧିକ ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ

Bebergal, Peter, "Will Harvard drop acid again? Psychedelic research returns to Crimsonland", The Phoenix (Boston), June 2, 2008
Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A (2008). "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMID 19040555.

ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଙ୍କ

Drug Profiles: LSD European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
InfoFacts – Hallucinogens NIDA
LSD-25 at Erowid
LSD entry in TiHKAL • info
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Lysergic acid diethylamide

[1] Halpern, John H.; Suzuki, Joji; Huertas, Pedro E.; Passie, Torsten (June 7, 2014). "Hallucinogen Abuse and Dependence". In Price, Lawrence H.; Stolerman, Ian P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology A Springer Live Reference. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_43-2. ISBN 978-3-642-27772-6. Hallucinogen abuse and dependence are known complications resulting from ... LSD and psilocybin. Users do not experience withdrawal symptoms, but the general criteria for substance abuse and dependence otherwise apply. Dependence is estimated in approximately 2 % of recent-onset users

[NHM-MDMA-2] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 375. ISBN 9780071481274. Several other classes of drugs are categorized as drugs of abuse but rarely produce compulsive use. These include psychedelic agents, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

[3] "Definition of "amide"". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.

[4] "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: amide". Ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.

[5] "amide – definition of amide in English from the Oxford Dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on ଅପ୍ରେଲ 2, 2015. Retrieved ଜାନୁଆରୀ 31, 2015.

[Dol2015-6] ୬.୦ ^୬.୧ ^୬.୨ ^୬.୩ ^୬.୪ Dolder PC, Schmid Y, Haschke M, Rentsch KM, Liechti ME (2015). "Pharmacokinetics and Concentration-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans". Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 19 (1): pyv072. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv072. PMC 4772267. PMID 26108222.

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