ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ
ସବୁ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତିଠାରୁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ସମ୍ପ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ଭିନ୍ନ । ଏଥିରେ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ନ ହେଇ ପଞ୍ଜୀକୃତ ଭୋଟରମାନେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ନିର୍ବାଚନ କଲେଜର ଏକ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଦଳଙ୍କୁ ଭୋଟ ଦିଅନ୍ତି । ଯେଉଁମାନେ ବିଜୟୀ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ( electot ) କୁହା ଯାଏ । ତା ପର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ଏହି ସବୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଯୋଡିଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ କରନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ଏହି ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ କେହି ନିରଙ୍କୁଶ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗରିଷ୍ଠତା ନ ପାଆନ୍ତି , ତେବେ ପୁଣି ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ସଭା ( House of commons ) ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ କିଏ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବେ । ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପାଇଁ ସିନେଟ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ ।
ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ : ଆମେରିକାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରତି ଚାରି ବର୍ଷରେ ଥରେ ହୁଏ । ଆମେରିକାର ସବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଦିବସ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ଧାରିତ ହୋଇଛି । ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସର ପ୍ରଥମ ସୋମବାର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମଙ୍ଗଳନାର ହିଁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ ରୂପେ ସ୍ଥିର ହୁଏ । ୨୦୧୬ରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପାଇଁ ସେହି ଅନୁସାରେ ନଭେମ୍ବର ୮ ତାରିଖ , ୨୦୧୬କୁ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ ହେଇଛି ।
ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]
ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବା ପାଇଁ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଅମରିକା ର "ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଭାବେ ଜନ୍ମିତ ନାଗରିକ " ହେଇଥିବା ଦରକାର , ୩୫ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ହେବା ଦରକାର , ଏବଂ ଆମେରିକାରେ ୧୪ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ସମୟ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରି ସାରିଥିବା ଦରକାର । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ୨୨ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ୨ ଥରରୁ ଅଧିକ ଥର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେଇ ପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ ।
ସେହିପରି ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି। ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କ ପରି ସବୁ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ଥିବା ନିଧାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ।
ଭୋଟ ପ୍ରଦାନ ପଦ୍ଧତି
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା].jpg)
ଇଲେକଟୋରାଳ କଲେଜ
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]
ପୂର୍ବତନ ନିର୍ବାଚନମାନଙ୍କ ସାରଣୀ
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]| Order | Election year | Winner | Other major candidates[୧] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1788–1789 | George Washington (no party) – 69 electoral votes | John Adams** (no party) – 34 electoral votes John Jay (no party) – 9 |
| 2nd | 1792 | George Washington (no party) – 132 | John Adams** (Federalist) – 77 George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 50 |
| 3rd | 1796 | John Adams (Federalist) – 71 | Thomas Jefferson** (Democratic-Republican) – 68 Thomas Pinckney (Federalist) – 59 |
| 4th | 1800 | Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 73[୨] | Aaron Burr** (Democratic-Republican) – 73[୨] John Adams (Federalist) – 65 |
| 5th | 1804 | Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 162 | Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 14 |
| 6th | 1808 | James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 122 | Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 47 George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 6 |
| 7th | 1812 | James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 128 | DeWitt Clinton (Federalist) – 89 |
| 8th | 1816 | James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 183 | Rufus King (Federalist) – 34 |
| 9th | 1820 | James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 228/231 [୩] | John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 1 |
| 10th | 1824*† | John Quincy Adams* (Democratic-Republican) – 84[୪] | Andrew Jackson† (Democratic-Republican) – 99[୪] William H. Crawford (Democratic-Republican) – 41 |
| 11th | 1828 | Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 178 | John Quincy Adams (National Republican) – 83 |
| 12th | 1832 | Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 219 | Henry Clay (National Republican) – 49 John Floyd (Nullifier) – 11 |
| 13th | 1836 | Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 170 | William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 73 Hugh Lawson White (Whig) – 26 |
| 14th | 1840 | William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 234 | Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 60 |
| 15th | 1844* | James K. Polk* (Democratic) – 170 | Henry Clay (Whig) – 105 James G. Birney (Liberty) – 0 |
| 16th | 1848* | Zachary Taylor (Whig) – 163 | Lewis Cass (Democratic) – 127 Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) – 0 |
| 17th | 1852 | Franklin Pierce (Democratic) – 254 | Winfield Scott (Whig) – 42 John P. Hale (Free Soil) – 0 |
| 18th | 1856* | James Buchanan* (Democratic) – 174 | John C. Frémont (Republican) – 114 Millard Fillmore (American Party/Whig) – 8 |
| 19th | 1860* | Abraham Lincoln* (Republican) – 180 | John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democratic) – 72 John Bell (Constitutional Union) – 39 |
| 20th | 1864[୫] | Abraham Lincoln (National Union) – 212 | George B. McClellan (Democratic) – 21 |
| 21st | 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 214 | Horatio Seymour (Democratic) – 80 |
| 22nd | 1872 | Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 286 | Horace Greeley (Democratic/Liberal Republican) – 0[୬] Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) – 42 |
| 23rd | 1876*‡ | Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) – 185 | Samuel J. Tilden‡ (Democratic) – 184 |
| 24th | 1880* | James A. Garfield* (Republican) – 214 | Winfield Scott Hancock (Democratic) – 155 James Weaver (Greenback) – 0 |
| 25th | 1884* | Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 219 | James G. Blaine (Republican) – 182 John St. John (Prohibition) – 0 |
| 26th | 1888*† | Benjamin Harrison* (Republican) – 233 | Grover Cleveland† (Democratic) – 168 Clinton B. Fisk (Prohibition) – 0 |
| 27th | 1892* | Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 277 | Benjamin Harrison (Republican) – 145 James Weaver (Populist) – 22 |
| 28th | 1896 | William McKinley (Republican) – 271 | William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist) – 176 |
| 29th | 1900 | William McKinley (Republican) – 292 | William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 155 John Woolley (Prohibition) – 0 |
| 30th | 1904 | Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) – 336 | Alton B. Parker (Democratic) – 140 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 |
| 31st | 1908 | William Howard Taft (Republican) – 321 | William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 162 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 |
| 32nd | 1912* | Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 435 | Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) – 88 William Howard Taft (Republican) – 8 |
| 33rd | 1916* | Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 277 | Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) – 254 Allan L. Benson (Socialist) – 0 |
| 34th | 1920 | Warren G. Harding (Republican) – 404 | James M. Cox (Democratic) – 127 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 |
| 35th | 1924 | Calvin Coolidge (Republican) – 382 | John W. Davis (Democratic) – 136 Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (Progressive) – 13 |
| 36th | 1928 | Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 444 | Al Smith (Democratic) – 87 |
| 37th | 1932 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 472 | Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 59 Norman Thomas (Socialist) – 0 |
| 38th | 1936 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 523 | Alf Landon (Republican) – 8 William Lemke (Union) – 0 |
| 39th | 1940 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 449 | Wendell Willkie (Republican) – 82 |
| 40th | 1944 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 432 | Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 99 |
| 41st | 1948* | Harry S. Truman* (Democratic) – 303 | Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 189 Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democratic) – 39 |
| 42nd | 1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 442 | Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 89 |
| 43rd | 1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 457 | Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 73 |
| 44th | 1960* | John F. Kennedy* (Democratic) – 303 | Richard Nixon (Republican) – 219 Harry F. Byrd (Democratic) – 15[୭] |
| 45th | 1964 | Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) – 486 | Barry Goldwater (Republican) – 52 |
| 46th | 1968* | Richard Nixon* (Republican) – 301 | Hubert Humphrey (Democratic) – 191 George C. Wallace (American Independent) – 46 |
| 47th | 1972 | Richard Nixon (Republican) – 520 | George McGovern (Democratic) – 17 John G. Schmitz (American) – 0 |
| 48th | 1976 | Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 297 | Gerald Ford (Republican) – 240 |
| 49th | 1980 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 489 | Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 49 John B. Anderson (no party) – 0 |
| 50th | 1984 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 525 | Walter Mondale (Democratic) – 13 |
| 51st | 1988 | George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 426 | Michael Dukakis (Democratic) – 111 |
| 52nd | 1992* | Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 370 | George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 168 Ross Perot (no party) – 0 |
| 53rd | 1996* | Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 379 | Bob Dole (Republican) – 159 Ross Perot (Reform) – 0 |
| 54th | 2000*† | George W. Bush* (Republican) – 271 | Al Gore† (Democratic) – 266 Ralph Nader (Green) – 0 |
| 55th | 2004 | George W. Bush (Republican) – 286 | John Kerry (Democratic) – 251 |
| 56th | 2008 | Barack Obama (Democratic) – 365 | John McCain (Republican) – 173 |
| 57th | 2012 | Barack Obama (Democratic) – 332 | Mitt Romney (Republican) – 206 |
- ↑ A “major candidate” is defined as a candidate receiving at least 1.0% of the total popular vote or more than one electoral vote for elections including and after 1824, or greater than 5 electoral votes for elections including and before 1820.
- ↑ ୨.୦ ୨.୧ Both Burr and Jefferson received the same number of electoral votes.
- ↑ There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes in 1820 were valid, because of the timing of its assumption of statehood.
- ↑ ୪.୦ ୪.୧ None of the four presidential candidates in 1824 received a majority of the electoral vote, so the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives
- ↑ Because of the American Civil War, all of the states in rebellion did not participate
- ↑ Greeley came in second in the popular vote but died before electoral votes were cast.
- ↑ Byrd was not directly on the 1960 ballot.
External links
[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]- The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara: 52,000+ Presidential Documents)
- Electoral College Box Scores
- Teaching about Presidential Elections Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- All the maps since 1840 by counties (French language site)
- Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
- History of U.S. Presidential Elections: 1789-2004 Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine.
- Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state (Java Applet)
- A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite "poles", Vermont, and Alabama
- The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads
- Presidential Elections, from History.com
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
- How close were Presidential Elections? - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
- Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election
- Presidential Elections: Resource Guides from the Library of Congress
- U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
"Electoral Votes". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for Vice President.
