ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Lang/doc ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆଧାର ଦେଖିବେ

{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use|32000+}}
{{COinS safe|n}}
{{Lua|Module:Lang}}
{{Language templates}}
The purpose of this template is to indicate that a span of text belongs to a particular language. It often makes no visible changes to the text, but can prompt [[web browsers]] to use a more appropriate font, or screen readers to use a particular kind of pronunciation, and so on. See {{section link||Rationale}} for more information.

== Syntax and usage ==

{{in5}}{{tlx|lang|{{var|language tag}}|{{var|text}}}}

The {{var|language tag}} should consist of an [[List of ISO 639 codes|ISO 639]] language code.  The template supports properly formatted [[IETF language tag]]s using subtags that identify the language's script, region, and/or variant. The ISO 639 language code is a two- or three-letter abbreviation, in lowercase, of the language's name.  [[French language|French]], for example, has the code <code>fr</code>:

* <code><nowiki>She said: "{{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}"</nowiki></code> → She said: "{{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}"

Because all languages represented by two-letter codes in [[ISO 639‑1]] can also be represented by their three-letter equivalents in [[ISO 639‑2]] and above, it is recommended to use the shortest language tag possible that sufficiently describes the target language.<ref>[https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/index.en "Language tags in HTML and XML"] at [[World Wide Web Consortium]]</ref> So while French could be represented by 639‑2's <code>fra</code> code, use the 639‑1 code <code>fr</code> instead.  Likewise, script, region, and variant information should be included only when they provide a necessary distinction. For an up-to-date list of available language, script, region, and variant codes, please refer to the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]]'s [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry language subtag registry].

By default, this template will place articles into the relevant subcategory of {{cl|Articles containing non-English-language text}}. To suppress this – e.g. when using {{tlf|lang}} within a [[Help:Link#Wikilinks|wikilink]] or the ''title'' parameter of a citation – add the parameter {{para|nocat|true}}.

=== Formatting ===
==== Automatic italics ====
;{{tld|lang}} automatically applies italic styling <span style="font-weight: normal;">when the text in <code><nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki></code> is written entirely in the <code>Latn</code> script (the Latin alphabet and its extensions), either when that is the default encoding for the language or when it is triggered by a <code>{{var|xx}}-Latn</code> language code{{colon}}</span>
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}
:<code><nowiki>''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}''</nowiki></code> → ''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.}}'' – external markup is ignored
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|he-Latn|la`az}} ({{lang|he|לעז}})</nowiki></code> → {{lang|he-Latn|la`az}} ({{lang|he|לעז}})
:<code><nowiki>''{{lang|he-Latn|la`az}}'' (</nowiki>{{!mxt|<nowiki>''{{lang|he|לעז}}''</nowiki>}})</code> → ''{{lang|he-Latn|la`az}}'' (''{{lang|he|לעז}}'') – external markup is ignored around the <code>he-Latn</code> text, but will incorrectly italicize the Hebrew-character material.

When <code>Latn</code> script should not be italicized, there are multiple approaches{{colon}}
;{{para|italic|no}} <span style="font-weight: normal;">– renders <code><nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki></code> in upright font; italic markup around the template is ignored; italic markup inside the template causes an error message{{colon}}</span>
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}}
:<code><nowiki>''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}}''</nowiki></code> → ''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}}''
:<code><nowiki>''{{lang|fr|Je suis ''française''.|italic=no}}''</nowiki></code> → ''{{lang|fr|Je suis ''française''.|italic=no}}'' – italic markup in conflict with {{para|italic|no}}
;{{para|italic|unset}} <span style="font-weight: normal;">– disables template-provided styling; <code><nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki></code> is styled according to external or internal wiki markup{{colon}}</span>
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}}
:<code><nowiki>''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}}''</nowiki></code> → ''{{lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}}''
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|fr|''Je suis'' English.|italic=unset}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|fr|''Je suis'' English.|italic=unset}}
;{{tlx|noitalic}} <span style="font-weight: normal;">can also be used{{colon}}</span>
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|fr|Je suis {{noitalic|English}}.}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|fr|Je suis {{noitalic|English}}.}}
{{hatnote|{{Crossreference|See table "lang {{!}}italic{{=}} parameter operation".}}}}

==== Language-specific templates ====
There are language-specific versions of this template, such as {{tl|lang-fr}} and {{tl|lang-ru}}, which are intended to be used the first time a language appears in an article. These templates will print the language's name and, when appropriate, italicize their content:

* <code><nowiki>A '''kremlin''' ({{lang-ru|кремль}}, 'castle') is a major fortified central complex ...</nowiki></code> → A '''kremlin''' ({{lang-ru|кремль}}, 'castle') is a major fortified central complex ...

While {{tnull|lang-{{var|xx}}}} templates output text in italics for languages with Latin-based scripts, if plain text is required, such as for proper names, {{para|italic|no}} or {{tlx|noitalic}} may be used:

* <code><nowiki>the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|Vintimille}})</nowiki></code> → the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|Vintimille}})
* <code><nowiki>the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|italic=no|Vintimille}})</nowiki></code> → the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|italic=no|Vintimille}})
* <code><nowiki>the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|{{noitalic|Vintimille}}}})</nowiki></code> → the border town of Ventimiglia ({{lang-fr|{{noitalic|Vintimille}}}})

When formatting foreign-language text to match style guidelines, it is best to exclude the styling markup from the template, so that any extraneous markup which is not from the foreign language does not receive incorrect metadata for that language. This includes: English-language quotation marks around titles of works in languages that use other quotation character glyphs; italicization of titles in languages which do not use that convention; and emphasis that is not found (in one style or another) in the original foreign text; among other cases. If in doubt, put such markup outside the template when possible.

{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms}}

=== Right-to-left languages ===

To embed a string of right-to-left text (such as [[Arabic]] or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) within the usual left-to-right context, {{para|rtl|yes}} should be added to correctly communicate writing direction. For convenience, the {{tl|rtl-lang}} template accomplishes the same result by automatically including {{para|rtl|yes}}. To markup a whole paragraph of right-to-left text, {{tl|rtl-para}} should be used instead.

Any of these approaches will wrap the text in a container with the <code>dir="rtl"</code> attribute. In order to ensure correct rendering in browsers that do not fully support [[HTML 5]] [[bi-directional text|bidirectional isolation]], a [[left-to-right mark]] is also added to the end of the text (see the [http://www.w3.org/International/articles/inline-bidi-markup W3C] for details).

Note that text direction does not need to be specified when using the {{tnull|lang-{{var|xx}}}} templates, as this is implied by the template's language. Therefore there is no {{tlf|rtl-lang-ar}}, only {{tl|lang-ar}}.

== Parameters ==
{{#lst:Template:Lang-x/doc/parameters|lang_parameters}}

== Indicating writing script ==

If necessary, an [[List of ISO 15924 codes|ISO 15924]] script code can be appended to a language code to indicate the use of a specific script. For instance, [[Tajik language|Tajik]] (<code>tg</code>) is a language which can be found written in [[Arabic script|Arabic]] (<code>Arab</code>), [[Latin script|Latin]] (<code>Latn</code>), and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (<code>Cyrl</code>) scripts, making it necessary to always specify which script is in use. In such a case, taking care to preserve the script code's capitalization, we could end up with the following code (language tags in bold):

* <code><nowiki>Tajik ({{rtl-lang|</nowiki>'''tg-Arab'''<nowiki>|تاجیکی}}, ''{{lang|</nowiki>'''tg-Latn'''<nowiki>|toçikī}}'', {{lang|</nowiki>'''tg-Cyrl'''<nowiki>|тоҷикӣ}})</nowiki></code>
: Tajik ({{rtl-lang|tg-Arab|تاجیکی}}, ''{{lang|tg-Latn|toçikī}}'', {{lang|tg-Cyrl|тоҷикӣ}})

Many languages, however, are so commonly written in one particular script that specifying the script is unnecessary. [[Russian language|Russian]], for instance, is almost exclusively written in Cyrillic, so there is no need to specify <code>ru-Cyrl</code>, just as <code>en-Latn</code> would be unnecessary for English. The [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry subtag registry] contains up-to-date information on which languages have common script codes that should be "suppressed".

=== Transliteration ===

To mark a language which has been [[transliteration|transliterated]] from one script into another, append the new script's code to the code of the original language. So if transliterating from Russian Cyrillic to a Latin script, the language tag on the transliteration would be <code>ru-Latn</code>. If the transliteration scheme is known, and listed as a "variant" in the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry subtag registry], it can be appended after any script and region codes. For example, Chinese transliterated into a Latin script using the [[pinyin]] system would be <code>zh-Latn-pinyin</code>. As a convenience for transliterating to Latin scripts, and to work around browser styling issues with some language and script combinations, {{tl|transl}} may be used in place of {{tlf|lang}}:

* <code><nowiki>Moscow ({{lang|ru|Москва́}}, {{transl|ru|Moskva}})</nowiki></code>
: Moscow ({{lang|ru|Москва́}}, {{transl|ru|Moskva}})

To specify a transliteration scheme, such as the [[ISO 9|ISO transliteration standard for Cyrillic]], use {{tlc|transl|ru|ISO|Moskva}}.

=== Undetermined language ===

The {{tlf|lang}} template is not only used to specify the language of foreign words, but can also be used to specify a single symbol or character in a script, unrelated to any specific language. Many times the character or symbol is used in several languages, but when the article refers to the [[grapheme]] itself, the [[ISO 639‑2]] language code <code>und</code>, for Undetermined language, should be used:

* <code><nowiki>The {{lang|und-Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.</nowiki></code>
: The {{lang|und-Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.

Han characters are used in Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese, and in this case the character is not used for any specific language. Note that the script code used is <code>Hani</code>, which specifies generic Han characters (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja).

Compare {{tl|script}} usage:

* <code><nowiki>The {{script|Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.</nowiki></code>
: The {{script|Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.

== Indicating regional variant ==

When it is necessary to indicate region-specific language, an [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] country code, or [[UN M.49]] region code, should be added to the language tag, taking care to preserve capitalization. For example, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (<code>pt</code>) as used in [[Brazil]] (<code>BR</code>) could be represented as <code>pt-BR</code>, and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as used in [[Latin America]] as <code>es-419</code>.

Additionally, language, script, and region codes can all appear in the same tag. For instance, the code <code>zh-Hant-TW</code> should be used for [[Chinese language|Chinese]] text written with [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Han characters]], containing words or expressions specific to [[Taiwan]]:

* <code><nowiki>Taiwan ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺灣}}, {{transl|zh|Táiwān}})</nowiki></code>
: Taiwan ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺灣}}, {{transl|zh|Táiwān}})

== Rationale ==

{{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting|Foreign terms}} requires the use of {{tl|lang}} instead of manual <nowiki>''italics''</nowiki>. This is preferred for the following reasons:

* [[WWW|Web]] [[Web browser|browsers]] can use the information in such [[:Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates|multilingual support templates]] to choose an appropriate font.
** This is great for [[CJK characters|CJK]] where a character can be given its language-specific shape but will fall back to another form if no appropriate font is found or if the preferred font lacks that character, for example because the language does not make use of that character: see {{section link|Han unification|Examples of language-dependent glyphs}} and [[User:Wikipeditor/CJK|these comparison tables with a screenshot]].
* For [[web accessibility|accessibility]] – [[screen reader]]s need language info to speak text in the correct language – and to satisfy [[Wikipedia:Accessibility#Text|Wikipedia accessibility guidelines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/yahoo-search-results-now-natural-language-support-7318.html|title=Yahoo! search results now with natural language support|date=13 Mar 2008|first= Chris |last= Heilmann|work=[[Yahoo! Developer Network]] Blog|accessdate=28 Feb 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125024422/http://developer.yahoo.net/blog/archives/2008/03/yahoo_search_re.html|archivedate=25 Jan 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* For [[spell checker]]s and grammar checkers, to match the text to the dictionary and syntax of the correct language.
* To help browsers choose appropriate [[quotation mark]]s,<ref name="qa-lang-why">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-why|title=Why use the language attribute?|date=18 November 2014|first= Richard |last= Ishida | publisher=World Wide Web Consortium | issue=Previously by Deborah Cawkwell, BBC World Service|accessdate=1 Mar 2015}}</ref> and make decisions about [[Hyphen|hyphenation]],<ref name="qa-lang-why"/> [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/#font-variant-ligatures-prop|title=6.4 Ligatures: the font-variant-ligatures property|work=CSS Fonts Module Level 3 W3C Candidate Recommendation 3 October 2013}}</ref> and spacing.<ref name="qa-lang-why"/>
* Users can apply styles to languages in their [[Style sheet (web development)|style sheet]]s (useful for editors).
* [[Web search engine|Search engine]]s can use this information when [[index (search engine)|indexing]] text.
* Facilitates better data-scraping, parsing and re-use.
* Useful for application developers who re-publish Wikipedia (also see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility|Other languages}}).
* Useful for research or compiling statistics about language use in Wikipedia.

== Applying styles ==

Registered users can apply custom [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] styles to articles by placing style declarations in their user style sheet. The user style sheet can be created at [[Special:Mypage/common.css]]. For more information, see [[Help:User style]]. The following examples should work in most [[List of web browsers|modern browsers]], but not in [[Internet Explorer 8]] or earlier, which lack support for attribute selectors.

To apply a specific font to all text marked as Russian of any script or region:

<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
[lang|=ru] { font-family: fonteskaya; }
/*   or   */
:lang(ru) { font-family: fonteskaya; }
</syntaxhighlight>

To apply a specific font to text marked simply as Russian:

<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
[lang=ru] { font-family: fonteskaya; }
</syntaxhighlight>

To apply a color to all text marked with any language:

<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
[lang] { color: green; }
</syntaxhighlight>

If a font name contains characters besides basic Latin letters or hyphens, it is a good idea to enclose it in quotation marks because some such characters have special meanings (the most common case needing quotation marks is a multi-word font name with space characters). Quotation marks are also required for font families containing generic-family keywords ('inherit', 'serif', 'sans-serif', 'monospace', 'fantasy', and 'cursive'). See the [http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/fonts.html#font-family-prop W3C] for more details.

You can combine this with font imports in your user stylesheet, for example, to show all German text in [[Fraktur]] and all Urdu in [[Noto fonts|Noto]] [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaliq]] Urdu Regular:

<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=UnifrakturMaguntia);
@import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/earlyaccess/notonastaliqurdudraft.css);

:lang(de) {
   font-family: UnifrakturMaguntia;
   font-style: normal;
   font-weight: normal;
}

:lang(ur) {
    font-family: "Noto Nastaliq Urdu Regular", "Noto Nastaliq Urdu";
}

</syntaxhighlight>

then the following wikitext will look like the image below:

<pre>
Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich

{{lang|de-Latf|Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich}}

ٹھنڈ میں، ایک قحط زدہ گاؤں سے گزرتے وقت ایک چڑچڑے، بااثر و فارغ شخص کو بعض جل پری نما اژدہے نظر آئے۔

{{lang|ur|ٹھنڈ میں، ایک قحط زدہ گاؤں سے گزرتے وقت ایک چڑچڑے، بااثر و فارغ شخص کو بعض جل پری نما اژدہے نظر آئے۔}}
</pre>

{{Wide image|Pangrams in DE and UR in Arial, UnifrakturMaguntia and Noto Nastaliq Urdu.png|1000px}}

== Tracking categories ==
Articles that have errors are placed in:
:{{cl|lang and lang-xx template errors}} (mainspace only)

Maintenance categories:
:{{cl|Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1}}

== TemplateData ==

{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
	"description": "Indicate that a given span of text belongs to a particular language. Allows browsers to correctly present and pronounce foreign languages.",
	"params": {
		"1": {
			"label": "Language tag",
			"description": "A language tag, or an ISO 639 language code.",
			"type": "string",
			"required": true,
			"example": "fr",
			"aliases": [
				"code"
			]
		},
		"2": {
			"label": "Text",
			"description": "The text belonging to the language specified.",
			"type": "string",
			"required": true,
			"example": "Je suis française.",
			"aliases": [
				"text"
			]
		},
		"rtl": {
			"label": "Right to left",
			"description": "Indicates that the language should be displayed from right to left.",
			"example": "yes",
			"type": "string",
			"default": "no"
		},
		"italic": {
			"aliases": [
				"italics"
			],
			"label": "Italicise",
			"description": "default, yes, no, unset",
			"type": "boolean"
		},
		"size": {
			"label": "Font-size",
			"description": "sets font-size",
			"example": "120%, 1.2em"
		},
		"nocat": {}
	},
	"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

== See also ==
* {{tl|Lang-x}}
* [[:Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates]]
* [[List of ISO 639 codes]] (language codes)
** {{tl|ISO 639 name}}
* [[List of ISO 15924 codes]] (script codes)
* [[List of ISO romanizations|List of ISO transliterations]] (transliteration codes)
* {{tl|cleanup lang}} (for articles which should use this template, but do not yet)
* {{tl|transl}} (for romanisation of languages not natively written in the Latin alphabet)
* {{tl|script}} (for specific characters)
* {{tl|wikt-lang}} (to simultaneously tag text as a language and link to Wiktionary)
* {{tl|in lang}} (for visually marking external links to foreign-language content)
* [[:Category:Articles containing unknown ISO 639 language template]] – maintenance category

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]
** [http://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/Overview.en.php Language tags in HTML and XML] – Overview
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-html-tech-lang/ Authoring HTML: Language declarations] – Latest W3C Working Draft
** [http://www.w3.org/International/articles/bcp47/ Understanding the New Language Tags]
** [http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-css-lang FAQ: Styling using the lang attribute]
* [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]]
** [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA Language Subtag Registry]
** [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4646.txt Tags for Identifying Languages] ({{IETF RFC|4646}})
** [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4647.txt Matching of Language Tags] ({{IETF RFC|4647}})
** [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-tags Language tags] (obsolete per {{IETF RFC|4646}})
* [[Mozilla Firefox]]
** [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=192636 Bug with script selection]

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[[Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates]]
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