ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography

"ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର " ଏଠାକୁ ମୁହାଁଇଥାଏ । ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡ ଟାଇପରାଇଟର, ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର (ଟାଇପରାଇଟର)

Not to be confused with ଟୋପୋଗ୍ରାଫି or ଟୋପୋଲୋଜି.

ଟ୍ରାଜାନ ଅକ୍ଷରସମୂହ, ଯାହା କାପିଟାଲିସ ମନୁମେଣ୍ଟାଲିସ ବା ରୋମାନ ସ୍କ୍ଵେଆର କାପିଟାଲସ, ଯାହା ଟ୍ରାଜାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭର ଅନୁଶାସନରେ ଲେଖାହୋଇଅଛି । ଏହି ଅକ୍ଷରସମୂହର ନାଆଁ ସେହିଠାରୁ ନିଆଯାଇଅଛି ।

ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନସବୁ
ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ଆପୋଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋପ ( ’ ' ) ବନ୍ଧନୀସମୂହ ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) କଲୋନ ( : ) କମା ( , ) ଡ୍ୟାସ ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ଏଲିପସିସ ( …, ..., . . . ) ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟବାଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ! ) ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚ୍ଛେଦ ( । ) ଫୁଲଷ୍ଟପ/ପିରିଅଡ଼ ( . ) ଗିଲିମେଟ ( « » ) ହାଇଫେନ ( ‐ ) ହାଇଫେନ-ବିଯୁକ୍ତ ଚିହ୍ନ ( - ) ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ? ) ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ( ‘ ’, “ ” ) ଅଧା ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ( ; ) ସ୍ଲାସ/ଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋକ ( / ) ସଲିଡସ ( ⁄ ) ଶବ୍ଦ ଭାଜକ ଖାଲି‌‌ ଜାଗା ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣) ମଝି ବିରାମ ( · ) ସାଧାରଣ ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ଆମ୍ପରସାଣ୍ଡ ( & ) ଆଟ୍ ଚିହ୍ନ ( @ ) ଆଷ୍ଟରିସ୍କ ( * ) ପଛସ୍ଲାସ ( \ ) ବିନ୍ଦୁ ( • ) କ୍ୟାରେଟ ( ^ ) ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( © ) ଡାଗର ( †, ‡ ) ଡିଗ୍ରି ( ° ) ଡିଟୋ ଚିହ୍ନ ( 〃 ) ଓଲଟା ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ¡ ) ଓଲଟା ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ¿ ) ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଚିହ୍ନ/ପାଉଣ୍ଡ/ହାସ ( # ) ନ୍ୟୁମେରୋ ଚିହ୍ନ ( № ) ଅବେଲସ ( ÷ ) ପୂରଣବାଚକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ( º, ª ) ଶତକଡ଼ା ଚିହ୍ନ ( %, ‰, ‱ ) ପିଲକ୍ରୋ ( ¶ ) ମୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ( ′, ″, ‴ ) ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( ® ) ବିଭାଗ ଚିହ୍ନ ( § ) ସର୍ଭିସ ମାର୍କ ( ℠ ) ଧ୍ଵନି ରେକର୍ଡ଼ିଙ୍ଗ ସତ୍ଵାଧିକାର ( ℗ ) ଟିଲ୍ଡ ( ~ ) ଟ୍ରେଡ଼ମାର୍କ ( ™ ) ଅଣ୍ଡରସ୍କୋର/ଅଣ୍ଡରଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଇକ ( _ ) ଭୂଲମ୍ବ ରୁହ/ଭଙ୍ଗା ରୁହ, ପାଇପ ( ¦, | ) ମୁଦ୍ରା ମୁଦ୍ରା (ବର୍ଗୀୟ) ( ¤ ) ମୁଦ୍ରା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ( ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ ₠ $ ₫ ৳ ₯ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ ₹ ₨ ₪ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ ៛ ) ଅସାଧାରଣ ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ଆଷ୍ଟେରିଜମ ( ⁂ ) ଟି ( ⊤ ) ଅପ ଟ୍ରାକ ( ⊥ ) ସୂଚକ/ପ୍ରଥମା ( ☞ ) ଅତଏବ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ∵ ) ଇଣ୍ଟେରୋବାଙ୍ଗ ( ‽ ) ଥଟ୍ଟା ପରିହାସ ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ⸮ ) ଲୋଜିଙ୍ଗି ( ◊ ) ଆଧାର ଚିହ୍ନ ( ※ ) ଟାଇ ( ⁀ ) ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ବିଶେଷକ ଚିହ୍ନ ଖାଲିସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ଅକ୍ଷର ଅଣ-ଇଂରାଜୀ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଶୈଳି ( « », „ ” )

ଡାକଟିକେଟ ସଙ୍ଗ୍ରହରେ "ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫି, ବିଶେଷ କରି ୧୯ଶ ଶତକର ଡାକଟିକେଟରେ ଏହା ଛାପାଖାନା ଛପାକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ ।

ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ବା ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫି (ଗ୍ରୀକ ଶବ୍ଦ τύπος(ଟାଇପୋସ/typos) = ଆଧାର/ରୂପ ଓ γραφή(ଗ୍ରାଫି/graphy) = ଲେଖନ) ଟାଇପସଜାଣି ପ୍ରକାରର କଲା ଓ କାରିଗରିକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ସଜାଣି ଟାଇପଫେସ ବଛା, ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଆକାର, ଧାଡ଼ି ଲମ୍ଚ, ଲିଡ଼ିଙ୍ଗ (ଧାଡ଼ି ସ୍ପେସିଙ୍ଗ), ଅକ୍ଷର ଧାଡ଼ି ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଖାଲି ଜାଗା ସଜାଣି (ଟ୍ରାକିଙ୍ଗ) ଓ ଅକ୍ଷରଯୋଡ଼ା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଖାଲି ଜାଗା ସଜାଣି (କର୍ଣ୍ଣିଙ୍ଗ) ଆଦିକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ। ଟାଇପ ଡିଜାଇନ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାରର ହାତକାମ, ଯାହାକୁ କେହି କେହି ଅଲଗା ଓ କେହି କେହି ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା ବା ତାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫିର ଏକ ଭାଗ ମନେକରିଥାନ୍ତି; ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଟାଇପକାର ଟାଇପଫେସ ତିଆରି କରିନଥାନ୍ତି ଓ କେତେକ ଟାଇପ ଡିଜାଇନର ନିଜକୁ ଟାଇପୋଗ୍ରାଫର ମନେକରି ନଥାନ୍ତି ।

ଆଧାର

• ASTM International D7298 Standard Test Method of Comparative Legibility by Means of Polarizing Filter Instrumentation
• Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), "Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 72, http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm 
• Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), written at Regensburg, Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary), Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, ISBN 3-937527-06-0, http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm 
• Brekle, Herbert E. (2010), "Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei", written at Berlin, in Hanneforth, Thomas; Fanselow, Gisbert, Language and Logos. Festschrift for Peter Staudacher on his 70th birthday, Akademie Verlag 
• Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", Koreana, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19
• Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5). Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4. Often referred to simply as "Bringhurst", Elements is widely respected as the current authority on typographic style for Latin typography. (excerpts). Well-paired with Tschichold's The Form of the Book, below, from the same publisher.
• Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29955-1 
• Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), written at London, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2 
• Heller, Steven and Meggs, Philip B. Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography (c) 2001, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-082-2. A compilation of over fifty texts on the history, practice, and aesthetics of type design and typography.
• Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), written at London, Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply, Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-2194-7 
• Hupp, Otto (1906), "Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119", written at Freiburg i. Br., Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte, Festschrift für Friedrich Schneider, Herder 
• Koch, Walter (1994), written at München, Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991), 14, ISBN 978-3886121144 
• Lanciani, R.: "Topografia di Roma antica. I commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti. Silloge epigrafica aquaria", in: Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Serie III, Volume IV, Classe di Scienze Morali, Rom 1881 (Reprint: Quasar publishing house, 1975), pp. 215–616
• Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 
• Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", Ateneo Veneto 24 
• Man, John (2002), written at London, The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, Headline Review, ISBN 978-0747245049 
• McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802060419 
• Pace, Pietrantonio (1986), written at Rome, Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino (2nd ed.), Art Studio S. Eligio 
• Tracy, Walter Letters of Credit 1986 Gordon Fraser
• Tschichold, Jan (1991). The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 978-0-88179-034-4. A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art. A more classic companion to Bringhust, above.
• Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, French: Imprimerie nationale, 2002, ISBN 2-7433-0482-0, for French typography.
• Swanson, Gunnar Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship (c) 2000, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-063-6. The Crystal Goblet, or Printing Should Be Invisible Beatrice Warde; Improving the Tool Hrant H. Papazian.
• Alexander Lawson, Anatomy of a Typeface, first published in 1990, devotes entire chapters to the development and uses of individual or small groupings of typefaces. ISBN 978-0-87923-333-4
• White, Alex W. (1999). Type in Use – Effective typography for electronic publishing (version 2.0). W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York. ISBN 0-393-73034-4 (pbk).
• Martínez de Sousa, José, Manual de estilo de la lengua española, 3.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2007. For Spanish typography.
• —, Ortografía y ortotipografía del español actual, 2.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2008. For Spanish typography.
• Mestres, Josep M.; Costa, Joan; Oliva, Mireia; Fité, Ricard. Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textos. 4a ed., rev. i ampl. Vic / Barcelona: Eumo / UB / UPF / Rosa Sensat, 2009. For Catalan typography.
• Pujol, J. M., i Solà, Joan: Ortotipografia. Manual de l'author, l'autoeditor i el dissenyador gràfic, 2a ed., rev. Barcelona: Columna, 2000. For Catalan typography.
• Gill, Eric (2000) [1931]. An Essay on Typography. David R Godine. ପୃଷ୍ଠା. 188. ISBN 0879239506. 

ଅଧିକ ତଥ୍ୟ

• AIGA typography articles – Articles and interviews relating to typography from AIGA's Voice section.
• Decode Unicode – A wiki with all 98,884 Unicode characters, including full text search capability.
• Luc Devroye's typography pages – Large list of typography and font resources
• Type-Culture Academic Resource – Educational resources, including documentary videos about typography.
• Typography and the Invisible Goblet in Graphic Design – Online essay.
• Typography from Vancouver film school – A short 2-minute infographic video explaining what Typography is.
• Examples of incunabula styles in McCune Collection
• Baseline magazine – A magazine for people interested in type, typography, graphic design and art related themes.
• I Love Typography.com – A typography- and font-centered blog.
• NYC Type – Daily photographs taken of interesting typography around NYC.
• Typedesk – An online journal of typography and graphic communication.