ମୋଡାଫିନିଲ

ମୋଡାଫିନିଲ
Clinical data
Trade names	Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil, others
Synonyms	CRL-40476; Diphenylmethylsulfinylacetamide
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a602016
data	US FDA: Modafinil;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3 ; US: C (Risk not ruled out) ; ;
Dependence; liability	Psychological: Very low; Physical: Negligible
Addiction; liability	Very low to low
Routes of; administration	By mouth (tablets)
ATC code	N06BA07 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) ; UK: POM (Prescription only) ; US: Schedule IV ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Not determined due to the aqueous insolubility
Protein binding	62.3%
Metabolism	Hepatic (primarily via amide hydrolysis; CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 involved
Elimination half-life	15 hours (R-enantiomer),; 4 hours (S-enantiomer)
Excretion	Urine (80%)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinul]acetamide;
CAS Number	68693-11-8 ;
PubChem CID	4236;
IUPHAR/BPS	7555;
DrugBank	DB00745 ;
ChemSpider	4088 ;
UNII	R3UK8X3U3D;
KEGG	D01832 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:31859 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1373 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.168.719
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H15NO2S
Molar mass	273.35 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=S(C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)CC(=O)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H15NO2S/c16-14(17)11-19(18)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15H,11H2,(H2,16,17) ; Key:YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(verify)

ଇଂରାଜୀ ଲିଙ୍କ

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil

ମୋଡାଫିନିଲ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Modafinil, ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡ ନାମ ପ୍ରୋଭିଜିଲ/ Provigil) ଏକ ଔଷଧ ଯାହା ନାର୍କୋଲେପ୍ସି (narcolepsy) ଯୋଗୁ ହେଉଥିବା ନିଦ୍ରା, ସିଫ୍ଟୱର୍କ ସ୍ଲିପ ଡିଜ‌ଅର୍ଡ଼ର (shift work sleep disorder) ବା ଅବସ୍ଟ୍ରକଟିଭ ସ୍ଲିପ ଆପନିଆ (obstructive sleep apnea/ OSA) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ରୋଗମାନଙ୍କରେ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।^[୩]^[୭] ଓଏସଏ ରୋଗରେ କଣ୍ଟିନୁଅସ ପଜିଟିଭ ଏୟାରୱେ ପ୍ରେସର (continuous positive airway pressure) ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଚିକିତ୍ସା କରାଯାଏ ।^[୩] କଗନିଟିଭ ଏନହାନ୍ସର ଭାବରେ ଅଫଲେବେଲ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାରର (off-label use) ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିଷୟରେ ସନ୍ଦିହାନ ଅଛି ।^[୮]^[୯] ଏହି ଔଷଧ ପାଟିରେ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ^[୩]

ସାଧାରଣ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାରେ ମୁଣ୍ଡବିନ୍ଧା, ଉତ୍କଣ୍ଠା, ନିଦ୍ରା ସମସ୍ୟା ଓ ଅଇ ହୋଇପାରେ ।^[୩] ସାଂଘାତିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଆନାଫାଇଲାକ୍‌ସିସ, ସ୍ଟିଭେନ୍ସ ଜନସନ ସିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋମ, ନିଶା ବା ହାଲୁସିନେସନ(hallucinations ହୋଇପାରେ ।^[୩] ଗର୍ଭାବସ୍ଥାରେ ଏହାର ନିରାପତ୍ତା ବିଷୟରେ ମତୈକ୍ୟ ନାହିଁ ।^[୩] ବୃକ୍‌କ ଓ ଯକୃତ ରୋଗ ଥିଲେ ସାବାଧାନତା ସ‌ହିତ ଔଷଧ ମାତ୍ରା ଦେବାକୁ ହୁଏ ।^[୩] ଆରିଦମିଆ (arrhythmia), ଉଲ୍ଲେଖନୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚ ରକ୍ତଚାପ, ଲେଫ୍ଟ ଭେଣ୍ଟ୍ରିକୁଲାର ହାଇପରଟ୍ରଫି (left ventricular hypertrophy) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ରୋଗ ଥିଲେ ଦେବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ ।^[୧୦] ଏହାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବିଧି ବିଷୟ ଅସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଅଛି । ^[୩] ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କରେ ଥିବା ନିଦ୍ରା ଚକ୍ରରେ (sleep cycle) ଏହାର କିଛି ପ୍ରଭାବ ରହୁଥିବା ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରାଯାଏ ।^[୩]

ସନ ୧୯୯୮ରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ମୋଡାଫିନିଲ ସ୍ୱୀକୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।^[୭] ନିଶା ଯୋଗୁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଆକ୍ଟରେ (schedule IV controlled substance) ଏହା ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି ।^[୩] ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ଏହା କେବଳ ପ୍ରେସକ୍ରିପସନରେ ମିଳେ ।^[୧୦] ଏହା ଜେନେରିକ ଔଷଧ ନାମରେ (generic medication) ବିକ୍ରୟ ହୁଏ । ^[୧୦] ସନ ୨୦୧୮ରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ଜାତୀୟ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସେବାକୁ ଏହା ନିମନ୍ତେ ମାସକୁ ୧୦୫.୨୧ ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବାକୁ ହୁଏ ।^[୧୦] ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ସନ ୨୦୧୮ରେ ଏହା ପିଛା ମାସିକ ପ୍ରାୟ ୩୪.୨୦ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ଡଲାର ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ହୁଏ ।^[୧୧]

ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]

ଆଧାର[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]

↑ ^୧.୦ ^୧.୧ Case reports:
• Krishnan R, Chary KV (March 2015). "A rare case modafinil dependence". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 6 (1): 49–50. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.149149. PMC 4319252. PMID 25709356. He claimed to have symptoms of worsening of lethargy, tremors of hands, anxiety and erratic sleep hours when he skipped modafinil, patient reported a sense of well-being only with the drug and with the above dose [(1200mg/day)]. ... He reported sleep disturbance, increased sense of body warmth, lethargy and low mood during the process of tapering the drug. Low dose of clonazepam was added to reduce the withdrawal symptoms.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Kate N, Grover S, Ghormode D (2012). "Dependence on supratherapeutic doses of modafinil: a case report". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 14 (5). doi:10.4088/PCC.11l01333. PMC 3583757. PMID 23469316.
↑ Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–52. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. Because of the relatively low risk of addiction, modafinil can be more easily prescribed in patients without a clear, biochemically defined central hypersomnia syndrome, and is also easier to stop, if needed. It is also a schedule IV compound.
↑ ^୩.୦୦ ^୩.୦୧ ^୩.୦୨ ^୩.୦୩ ^୩.୦୪ ^୩.୦୫ ^୩.୦୬ ^୩.୦୭ ^୩.୦୮ ^୩.୦୯ ^୩.୧୦ ^୩.୧୧ "Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
↑ Robertson P, Hellriegel ET (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (2): 123–37. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002. PMID 12537513.
↑ Robertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A (June 2000). "In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 28 (6): 664–71. PMID 10820139.
↑ "Nuvigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
↑ ^୭.୦ ^୭.୧ "Provigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
↑ Battleday RM, Brem AK (November 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–81. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811.
↑ Meulen, Ruud ter; Hall, Wayne; Mohammed, Ahmed (2017). Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780198727392.
↑ ^୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ ^୧୦.୩ BNF 74 (74 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. September 2017. p. 468. ISBN 978-0857112989.
↑ "NADAC as of 2018-06-13". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଙ୍କ[ସମ୍ପାଦନା]

RxList Patient Information for modafinil users
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Modafinil

[Withdrawal_case_reports-1] ୧.୦ ^୧.୧ Case reports:
• Krishnan R, Chary KV (March 2015). "A rare case modafinil dependence". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 6 (1): 49–50. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.149149. PMC 4319252. PMID 25709356. He claimed to have symptoms of worsening of lethargy, tremors of hands, anxiety and erratic sleep hours when he skipped modafinil, patient reported a sense of well-being only with the drug and with the above dose [(1200mg/day)]. ... He reported sleep disturbance, increased sense of body warmth, lethargy and low mood during the process of tapering the drug. Low dose of clonazepam was added to reduce the withdrawal symptoms.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Kate N, Grover S, Ghormode D (2012). "Dependence on supratherapeutic doses of modafinil: a case report". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 14 (5). doi:10.4088/PCC.11l01333. PMC 3583757. PMID 23469316.

[Addiction_liability_review-2] Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–52. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. Because of the relatively low risk of addiction, modafinil can be more easily prescribed in patients without a clear, biochemically defined central hypersomnia syndrome, and is also easier to stop, if needed. It is also a schedule IV compound.

[AHSF2018-3] ୩.୦୦ ^୩.୦୧ ^୩.୦୨ ^୩.୦୩ ^୩.୦୪ ^୩.୦୫ ^୩.୦୬ ^୩.୦୭ ^୩.୦୮ ^୩.୦୯ ^୩.୧୦ ^୩.୧୧ "Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

[RobertsonHellriegel2003-4] Robertson P, Hellriegel ET (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (2): 123–37. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002. PMID 12537513.

[pmid10820139-5] Robertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A (June 2000). "In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 28 (6): 664–71. PMID 10820139.

[nuvigil.com-6] "Nuvigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-12-08.

[FDA2015-7] ୭.୦ ^୭.୧ "Provigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.

[Battleday2015-8] Battleday RM, Brem AK (November 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–81. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811.

[9] Meulen, Ruud ter; Hall, Wayne; Mohammed, Ahmed (2017). Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780198727392.

[BNF74-10] ୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ ^୧୦.୩ BNF 74 (74 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. September 2017. p. 468. ISBN 978-0857112989.

[11] "NADAC as of 2018-06-13". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

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