ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Infobox Germanium

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

A 12 gram (2x3 cm) polycrystalline block of Ge with uneven cleaved surfaces
ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	germanium, Ge
Appearance	grayish-white
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ jər-MAY-nee-əm
Germanium in the periodic table
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	32
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group 14 (carbon group), p-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 4
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	metalloid
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	72.63(1)
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
ଇତିହାସ
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Most stable isotopes of germanium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε - 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε - 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se

References

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