ବ୍ୟବହାରକାରୀ:Snip1/Outline of artificial intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) – branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.

Branches of artificial intelligence

• Symbolic
  • Good Old Fashioned AI –
• Sub-symbolic
  • Early cybernetics and brain simulation
  • Behavior based AI
    • Subsumption architecture
  • Nouvelle AI
  • Computational intelligence (CI)
    • Computational creativity –
    • Neural networks –
      • Hybrid neural network –
      • Recurrent neural network –
    • Fuzzy systems –
    • Evolutionary computation, including:
      • Evolutionary algorithms –
        • Genetic algorithm –
      • Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller
      • Swarm intelligence –
        • Ant colony optimization –
• Statistical AI

Some applications of artificial intelligence

ମୂଳ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ: Applications of artificial intelligence

• Artificial Creativity
• Artificial life
• Automated planning and scheduling –
• Automated reasoning
• Automation
• Automatic target recognition –
• Biologically inspired computing
• Computer Audition –
  • Speech recognition
  • Speaker recognition
• Computer vision
  • Image processing
  • Intelligent word recognition –
  • Object recognition
  • Optical mark recognition
    • Handwriting recognition
    • Optical character recognition
      • Automatic number plate recognition
  • Facial recognition systems
    • Silent speech interface
• Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
• Expert system –
  • Decision support system –
    • Clinical decision support system
• Game artificial intelligence
  • Computer game bot
  • Video game AI
    • Computer chess
    • Computer Go
  • General Game Playing
  • Game theory
• Hybrid intelligent system
• Intelligent agent
  • Agent architecture
    • Cognitive architecture
• Intelligent control
• Knowledge management
  • Concept mining
    • Data mining
    • Text mining
  • E-mail spam filtering
  • Information extraction
    • Activity recognition
    • Image retrieval
      • Automatic image annotation
    • Named-entity extraction
      • Coreference resolution
      • Named-entity recognition
      • Relationship extraction
      • Terminology extraction
  • Knowledge representation
  • Semantic Web
• Machine learning
  • Constrained Conditional Models –
  • Deep learning –
  • Neural modeling fields –
• Natural language processing
  • Chatterbots
  • Language identification
  • Natural language user interface
  • Natural language understanding –
  • Machine translation
    • Statistical semantics
  • Question answering
  • Semantic translation
• Nonlinear control
• Pattern recognition
  • Optical character recognition
  • Handwriting recognition
  • Speech recognition
  • Face recognition
• Robotics
  • Behavior-based robotics
  • Cognitive
  • Cybernetics
  • Developmental robotics
  • Epigenetic robotics
  • Evolutionary robotics
• Speech generating device
• Strategic planning
• Vehicle infrastructure integration
• Virtual Intelligence –
• Virtual reality

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

• Artificial brain –
• Philosophical views of artificial consciousness –
  • User illusion –
• Artificial intelligence and law –
• Chinese room –
• Cognitive science
  • Artificial consciousness
  • Embodied cognitive science
    • Embodied cognition –
• Ethics of artificial intelligence –
• Philosophy of the Mind –
  • Computational theory of mind –
  • Functionalism –
• Physical symbol system –
• Synthetic intelligence –
• Turing Test –

Artificial intelligence and the future

• Strong AI – hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can.
  • Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent.
  • Technological singularity – theoretical intelligence explosion predicted to occur in the future, at the point in time when artificial intelligence will have progressed to greater-than-human intelligence, radically changing civilization, and perhaps even human nature. The TS (or the advent of strong AI) has been identified by Berglas (2008) and others to be an existential risk.
    • Existential risk –
    • Singularitarianism –

History of artificial intelligence

Main article: History of artificial intelligence

• GOFAI
• Progress in artificial intelligence
• Timeline of artificial intelligence
• History of natural language processing
• History of optical character recognition

• AI effect
• AI winter

Artificial intelligence in fiction

Main article: Artificial intelligence in fiction

Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in fiction include:

• HAL 9000 (1968) – the paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it.
• Angel F (2007) –
• Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network which features centrally in the Terminator franchise and serves as the franchise's main antagonist.
• Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional characters portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Cyborgs, initially portrayed as programmable assassin and military infiltration units. "The Terminator" character first appeared as the titular antagonist in The Terminator, a 1984 film directed and co-written by James Cameron, and its sequels.
• V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

Psychology and AI

• Artificial psychology
• AI effect
• Uncanny valley

Concepts in artificial intelligence

• Action selection –
• Affective computing –
• AI box –
• AI-complete –
• Algorithmic probability –
• Automated reasoning –
• Autonomic Computing –
• Autonomic Networking –
• Backward chaining –
• Bayesian network –
• Bio-inspired computing –
  • Artificial immune systems –
• Blackboard system –
• Chatterbot –
• Combs method –
• Commonsense reasoning –
• Computational humor –
• Computer-assisted proof –
• Conceptual dependency theory –
• Darwin machine –
• Description logic –
• Frame problem –
• Game theory –
• Grammar systems theory –
• Informatics (academic field) –
• Intelligent control –
• Kinect –
• LIDA (cognitive architecture) –
• Means-ends analysis –
• Moravec's paradox –
• Music and artificial intelligence –
• Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator –
• PEAS – Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
• Percept (artificial intelligence) –
• Perceptual Computing –
• Rule-based system –
• Self-management (computer science) –
• Soft computing –
• Software agent –
  • Intelligent agent / Rational agent –
    • Autonomous agent –
    • Automated planning and scheduling
    • Control system
      • Hierarchical control system
      • Networked control system
    • Distributed artificial intelligence –
    • Multi-agent system –
    • Monitoring and Surveillance Agents
  • Embodied agent –
  • Situated AI
• Sussman Anomaly –
• Wetware (brain) –

AI projects

ମୂଳ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ: List of artificial intelligence projects

• Automated Mathematician (1977) –
• Allen (robot) (late 1980s) –
• Open Mind Common Sense (1999 - ) –
• Mindpixel (2000–2005) –
• Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (2003–2008) –
• Google Mind (2011) –

AI systems

• Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.
• Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.
  • Purpose: Open domain question answering
  • Technologies employed:
    • Natural Language Processing
    • Information Retrieval
    • Knowledge Representation
    • Automated reasoning
    • Machine Learning

Notable AI software

• OpenAIR –
• OpenCog –
• OpenIRIS –
• RapidMiner –

AI community

Competitions and awards

ମୂଳ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ: Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence

• Loebner Prize –

Publications

ମୂଳ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ: List of important publications in computer science

• Adaptive Behavior (journal) –
• AI Memo –
• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach –
• Artificial Minds –
• Computational Intelligence –
• Computing Machinery and Intelligence –
• Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence –
• IEEE Intelligent Systems –
• IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence –
• Neural Networks (journal) –
• On Intelligence –
• Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp –
• What Computers Can't Do

Organizations

• Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute
• Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society
• Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute
• Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
• European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence
• European Neural Network Society
• ILabs
• International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group
• Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour

Companies

• Consolidated Robotics –
• Google –
• IBM –
• Universal Robotics –

Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars

1930s and 40s (generation 0)

• Alan Turing –
• John von Neumann –
• Norbert Wiener –
• Claude Shannon –
• Nathaniel Rochester –
• Walter Pitts –
• Warren McCullough –

1950s (the founders)

• John McCarthy –
• Marvin Minsky –
• Allen Newell –
• Herbert A. Simon –

1960s (their students)

• Edward Feigenbaum –
• Raj Reddy –
• Seymour Papert –
• Ray Solomonoff –

1970s

• Douglas Hofstadter –

1980s

• Judea Pearl –
• Rodney Brooks –

1990s

• Hugo de Garis – known for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays.
• Ray Kurzweil – developed optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time director of engineering position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing". Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".

2000s on

• Andrew Ng – Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure. He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller.
• David Ferrucci – principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM.
• Peter Norvig – co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc.
• Stuart J. Russell – co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field.

See also

• List of emerging technologies

External links

• AI at Curlie
• Artificial Intelligence Directory, a directory of Web resources related to artificial intelligence
• The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
• Freeview Video 'Machines with Minds' by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU
• John McCarthy's frequently asked questions about AI
• Jonathan Edwards looks at AI (BBC audio) С
• Ray Kurzweil's website dedicated to AI including prediction of future development in AI
• ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Sep entry